Yugoslavia Essay Research Paper Recently there has free essay sample

Yugoslavia Essay, Research Paper Recently, there has been much combat in the former state of Yugoslavia, affecting all ethnicities and spiritual groups and without doing a difference between military or civilians. Diplomats have been hard at work to try to decide the differences that led to struggle and bloodshed, but it has proven to be a really hard thing to make with highly limited success. To understand the state of affairs, it has to be realized that a large portion of the job lies in the geographics of the part and its human ecology. These factors have contributed to struggles in the yesteryear and do so now. Yugoslavia covers cragged district. The anchor of the part is made up of the Balkans, a mountain scope that runs north-south. Continental plate motion from the South has created an intricate landscape of fields, vales and mountains. This led to intensive compartmentalisation of the part. We will write a custom essay sample on Yugoslavia Essay Research Paper Recently there has or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a consequence, there were few low-level paths and those that existed became really of import strategically. Most noteworthy are the Varda-Morava corridor, which connected the Aegean Sea and the Danube, and the Iron Gates of the Danube, associating Central Europe and the Black Sea, that controlled much of the trade between the Mediterranean and Central Europe since antediluvian times. Most of the populations have lived separated from each other geographically and culturally, developing really strong national and tribal commitments. This part is a frontier between Eastern and Western European civilisations and has besides been influnced by Islam during the Turkish invasion. The roots of the struggle in the Balkan mountainss travel back 100s of old ages. Farther than recent events in the part indicate. Dating back to Roman times, this country was portion of the Roman Empire. It was here that the divide between Eastern and Western Roman Empires was made when it split under the Roman emperor Diocletian in A.D. 293. Along with the split, the faiths divided besides into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. This line still divides Catholic Croatians and Hungarians and Orthodox Montengrins, Serbs, and Romanians. The Romans left behind them first-class roads, metropoliss that are still of import political or economic centres, like Belgrade, Cluj, or Ljubljana, and the Latin linguistic communication, which is preserved in Romanian. The period of Turkish laterality during the in-between ages left a much diffferent imprint on the part. An foreigner faith, Islam, was introduced, adding to already volatile mixture of geographics, political relations, faith, and patriotism. The disposal of the Ottoman Empire was really different from that of the Romans. The Turks did non promote economic development of countries like Albania, Montenegro and Romania that promised small in bring forthing wealths. They didn # 8217 ; t invest in edifice roads or making an substructure. Greeks controlled most of the commercialism and Sephadic Jews, expelled from Spain, had influence every bit good. The diverseness of Yugoslavia can best be captured in this capsule recitation: # 8220 ; One province, two alphabets, three faiths, four functionary linguistic communications, five states, six democracies, seven hostile neighbours, and eight separate countries. # 8221 ; This had more than a small truth. Serbia and montenegro employed Latin and Cyrillic alphabets ; it was home to Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Muslims ; it # 8217 ; s Slavic groups spoke Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Macedonian ; they identified themselves as Serbs, Montenegrins, Croatians, Slovenes, and Macedonians ; each had its ain democracy, with an extra Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina for a assorted population of Serbs, Croats, and Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims ; Yugoslavia was bordered by Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Albania, all of whom harbored some grudges against it ; and the # 8220 ; independent parts # 8221 ; of Hungarian Vojvodina and Albanian Kosovo within Serbia functioned until 1990 in an independent mode comparable to that of the six formal democracies. This so was a diverse province. Yugoslavia had been # 8220 ; a geographic impossibleness, tied together by railwaies, main roads, and a Serbian-dominated army. # 8221 ; ( Poulsen, 118-9 ) This state is a hodgepodge of complicated, interconnected cultural and spiritual entities that intertwined so dumbly that it is likely impossible to divide them and do everybody happy. It was a informant to two bloody Balkan wars that took topographic point in 1912 and that contributed to the eruption of World War I. The struggle seems intrinsic to the part, with painful atomization after the autumn of the Hapsburg imperium and farther strife during and after World War II. In fact, there was barely any clip when there was small or no struggle. The events that started the most recent escalation of struggle took topographic point in 1991. The first democracy to show anti-Serbian sentiments was Slovenia. They felt that although they and Croatians had prospered the most in Communist Yugoslavia, they were dawdling behind Austria, Italy, and even Hungary. They saw the transportation of their net incomes to the southern democracies as the ground behind it. During the 1980s many started naming for separation from Yugoslavia. Serbia boycotted Slovenian merchandises in 1990 and this merely intensified the belligerencies. In 1991, Slovenians declared their independency. The federal ground forces attempted to stamp down the Slovenians, but was humiliated by Slovenian reserves forces. From at that place, it spread to Croatia, who resented the Serb domination in authorities and the economic system. All the old struggles, from Serbian-led atrociousnesss committed at the terminal of World War II that surfaced in the 1980s to Croatian support of the former Ottoman lands in Yugoslavia that came to the bow in the 1970s, and others, greatly contributed to the Croatian bitterness of the Serbs and led to their declaration of independency in the summer of 1991 ( Poulsen, 123 ) . But this was merely get downing. Croatia had a Serbian minority that made up 11 % of its population. The strong feelings of patriotism didn # 8217 ; t get away them either. An effort was made in 1990 to declare liberty of the largely Serbian parts in the southwesterly parts of Croatia. It was rejected by the Croatian authorities and as a consequence, the Serbs ignited a rebellion. They were supported by the Yugoslavian ground forces. Bitter contending ensued, with besiegings and a monolithic flow of Serbian refugees eastward. Like malignant neoplastic disease, the struggle kept distributing and by 1992 nearby Bosnia-Herzegovina was engulfed by it. It is no surprise because Bosnia-Herzegovina is a hodgepodge of Christian and Muslim, Croat, Serb, and Bosnian, Orthodox and Catholic. The lone manner for the authorities to continue its territorial unity with so many groups drawing in different waies was to declare independency. The Serb and Yugoslav army moved in to drive out the Croats and Muslim and try annex Bosnia to Serbia. The Croat ground forces moved in to protect its Croats at that place. With all these different ethnic and spiritual groups so tightly intertwined in Bosnia, it would be about impossible to negociate a pact that would lenify all sides. The heartache and amendss of Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina were non the lone 1s suffered in this volatile part. Another state of former Yugoslavia was sing unrest. In a southern portion of Yugoslavia called Kosovo, that was surrounding Albania, irredentist motion was taking topographic point. Kosovo is 90 % cultural Albanian and following the suit of the other democracies, Albanians started asseverating their rights in Kosovo. They wanted liberty, independency and appropriation to Albania. Serbia was non willing to allow Kosovo travel and dissensions between the opposing sides began intensifying. A major ground Serbia was so dogged is the fact that Serbs position Kosovo as a nucleus country for their civilization and its development. It is besides a site of a tragic licking by Muslim Turks in the medieval times. The other parts of former Yugoslavia that are sing jobs are the parts of Vojvodina and Macedonia. Like other parts of Yugoslavia, Vojvodina had a batch of different ethnicities populating side by side. Serbs, Hungarians, Croats, Slovaks, and Rumanians all portion thi part. As they were going polarized in other democracies, it spread to Vojvodina besides. Macedonia is holding jobs with its Albanian minority, who are sympathising with their brethren in the nearby Kosovo and for a clip there was with the Grecian authorities over the usage of the name # 8216 ; Macedonia # 8217 ; and Macedonia # 8217 ; s flag, which were Greek in beginning. That was settled with an understanding that Macedonia will alter its flag, but non its name. Given the geographics and human ecology of Yugoslavia, it is difficult to conceive of existent, durable peace coming to the part anytime shortly. It is virtually impossible to strike any trade that would delight all sides, since virtually everyplace there will be pockets of minorities with long-running belligerencies towards the bulk that could non be cut out of the district and would hold to be incorporated someway, whether it be Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo or Macedonia. These differences led to much agony and bloodshed over the last several hundred old ages and no solution has been found yet. The nearby hereafter does non look to be any different. The Dayton Accords, that were struck in 1995 in Ohio, were supposed to have resolved some of the differences and stopped the combat, but merely opening a newspaper today proves to be on the contrary. There have been instead drawn-out minutes of peace, as when the state was united under the regulation of Josip Bronze Tito after World War II, so it is possible. One supports trusting that there will be more to come, no affair how difficult they are to accomplish. BIBILIOGRAPHY BASS, WARREN, # 8220 ; The Triage of Dayton # 8221 ; , Foreign Affairs, vol.77, No.5, 1998, pp.95-108 CONNOR, MIKE, # 8220 ; Kosovo Rebels Gain Land Under NATO Threat # 8221 ; , The New York Times, December 4, 1998, vol.CXLVIII No.51, 361 PERRY, DUNCAN, # 8220 ; Destiny on Hold: Macedonia and the Dangers of Ethnic Discord # 8221 ; , Current History, March 1998, vol.97 No.617 pp.119-126 POULSEN, T.M. , Nations and States, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995

Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals

Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals Introduction Most industries and companies change pricing strategies in a volatile manner depending on various marketing environmental factors. Ideally, companies’ pricing strategies are much influenced by the desire to increase corporate profits and cover operating and other costs (Thomas Maurice, 2010). One of the commonest pricing strategies is the differential pricing strategy or the tiered pricing approach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pharmaceutical and airline firms are examples of industries that adopt tiered pricing techniques to share costs among their customers. These firms can drastically change prices in a span of days, moments through differential price sharing methods. According to Thomas Maurice (2010) the strategy is based on the notion that customers must not be treated equally, and that firms need to put some e fforts on products. Rather than selling products to all customers in similar approaches, a firm tries to classify and categorize its customer in groups and charge different prices to different groups. Tiered pricing behavior of pharmaceutical and airline firms Today’s marketing research has primarily focused on the pricing policies and strategies by the organizations. Most researches indicate that organization pricing policies are set based on; existence of price tiers, face value pricing, and discount/ premium variation pricing policy. Pharmaceutical and airline firms’ products are good examples where this strategy is prevalent and as a profit maximizing technique (Moe fader, 2008). According to Moe and fader, 2008, tiered pricing is mostly influenced by the ideology of advance purchasing of products by the customers. They added that, firms in pharmaceutical and airline industries customers provide advance information pertaining to the overall demand, diffusion acros s consumers and the demand elasticity of their products forcing a more elaborated marketing efforts to differentiate prices accordingly. For example, airline firms adopt a multi pricing discrimination practice which essentially involves variation of prices dramatically based on timing or hours of purchases. Airlines purchasing in advance by customers also perfect airline price tiers. Pharmaceutical firms’ price tiers are based on medicine quality and better services depending on the income levels or the individual status in an economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yadav, 2010 argue that, price tiers in the medicine and health fraternity is faced with challenging factors on offering quality health provision in most developing countries. In fact, the industry is much cautions in differentiating its prices. In addition, price differentiation in pharmaceutica l firms adds another advantage in maximizing profits. For example, variation on pharmaceutical products depends on incomes of the customer group. Yadav, 2010, further states that, pricing strategies in pharmaceutical companies its challenging firm’s growth and the success in improving access in low and middle earners. Essentially, recent trends shows that firms in pharmaceutical and airline industries pay much attention to price tiers since its differential is based on economic and demographic characteristics of the target consumers. Strategically, these industries utilize differential pricing to create more opportunities to serve the minor or the low income categories and still maximizing profits and developing economies of scale to maximize profits. Again, since the industries are socially responsible demanding, tiered pricing enable airlines and pharmaceutical firms to portray and advocate for social responsibility and not enhancing profit maximization. To reinforce the di fferential pricing techniques, industries like airline or hotels engages in yield management. The concept refers to situations where firms or industries group customers to facilitate differentiating prices of its products (Shumsky Netessine, 2002). Industries practicing this concept are characterized by; expensive storing of products, future demands are uncertain, markets can be segmented, the same products can be perceived differently by customers, and suppliers in the industry are profit oriented. For example, airline industry can group customers into leisure travellers and business travellers. Similarly, a firm can offer discounted prices and full price to the groups to further segment markets. All these pricing techniques and market segmentation support price differentiation to the same product offering same satisfaction capacity (Shumsky Netessine, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Differential pricing strategies depend on three tiers in the pharmaceutical and airline industry. These ties include class pricing, bulk selling and selling products based on the willingness to pay. According to the strategy, companies believe that they can increase profits by acknowledging that consumers vary in terms of preferences and lifestyle, tastes, behaviors, income level, and response to marketing mix or geographical categories. In addition, differential pricing benefit firms to target certain groups of customers such as frequent customers and loyal customers. In such a case, no fixed price is set for the industrial products and the major goal is to maximize profits via sharing expenses in selling products to all customers. References Moe, W. W. Fader, P. S. (2008). The Role of Price Tiers in Advance Purchasing of Event Tickets. Web. Shumsky, F Netessine, S. (2002). Yield Management. Web. Thomas C. Maurice , S. C. (2010). Managerial Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Yadav, P. (2010). Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals. Review of current knowledge, new findings and ideas for action. Zaragoza Logistics Center: SPAIN MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

How to Talk About Failure in a Job Interview

How to Talk About Failure in a Job Interview When you’re putting together your resume and getting ready for an interview, you focus on making yourself look as perfect as possible. This is not a process where you want to let self-doubt and self-esteem issues creep in. Yet all that positive thinking and prep can be undone by one or two little questions in an interview. â€Å"Where could you use some improvement?† Or, â€Å"Can you tell me about a time when you failed.† After positioning yourself as kind of an uber-candidate, this can be a tricky navigation. You want to show an appropriate amount of honesty and humility, but who likes reliving past failures, let alone disclosing them to a potential employer? There are ways to do it that can help you get past these spots, without derailing your image as a confident, competent interviewee. Here are some things to consider when you talk about failure in a job interview.DO take it seriously.â€Å"I’m addicted to Mountain Dew† is not the way to go her e. The interviewer is trying to get a sense of your level of self-awareness, and whether or not there are any red flags or major gaps.DON’T use a clichà ©d comeback.â€Å"I care too much.† â€Å"I work too hard.† â€Å"I am too dedicated to my job.† The interviewer isn’t looking for a beauty pageant answer†¦he or she is looking for someone who can be frank about shortcomings, and self-aware enough to try to overcome them. Backdoor bragging that tries to show that you’re just too well-liked or too diligent at work will most likely earn you an eye roll.DO be honest†¦It’s okay to admit you’re not perfect. This is one question in an interview that is 99% about your accomplishments and qualifications, so approach it honestly and candidly. The interviewer will appreciate your candidness.†¦But DON’T treat it like a confession.This is not the time to list all of your drawbacks. (Unless you’re applying for the CIA, in which case you might as well be honest, because they will find out.) Ahead of time, think about one or two areas where you know you need improvement, and make sure they’re not red flag-worthy. For example, if you’re not great with numbers, don’t answer the question with, â€Å"I suck at math.† Basically, anything that makes you seem â€Å"bad† at something is not the right choice here.DO perform the spin-pivot move.Whatever you do go with, make sure you use it to emphasize strengths you do have. With the bad-at-math example, you can emphasize that you prefer creative problem solving to hard-and-fast numbers. Frame it as a choice between A (weakness) and B (strength), and talk about how you’d choose B.DON’T use anything in the basic job description as your weakness.If you despise being around kids, and are applying for an elementary school position, well- what are you doing there? But more importantly, if you’re aske d about an area where you could improve, mention that you’re always looking to improve your ability to relate to students.DO emphasize that you’re a work in progress.Part of what an interviewer is trying to assess is your growth potential. When you talk about any challenges or areas of improvement you have, be sure to say that you’re aware of your limitations in X area, and that you’re constantly seeking to be better/more efficient/stronger.DO avoid using words like â€Å"weakness,† even if the interviewer uses it first.Instead, frame it as a challenge, or avoid using negative nouns altogether.Getting past this moment in an interview can be awkward, but if you do some thinking ahead of time about your challenges and how you plan to turn those into strengths, you should be back in safe, â€Å"I’m awesome† territory in no time.

William Hill portfolio diligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words - 1

William Hill portfolio diligence - Essay Example Purpose, findings, and research questions that will guide the study are generated from the shareholders’ effects and the motives for acquisition. The data for this study will be the secondary data from Journal of Financial Economics. In the background study, I analyse the reasons for William Hill’s takeover and stipulate the post-takeover performance of the company. Motives for acquisition of Stanley Leisure and shareholders’ value are critiqued in the following project. In this project, I have used the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) in methodological analysis and OLS Regression for data sources. I can resolve if William’s merger was worthwhile through liquidity-based explanations. Mergers and acquisitions involve the amalgamation of two or more firms or the purchase directed to current firm within the foreign country. This was established by Whiting (1976) that acquisitions are effected through capital transfer, use of marketing skills, and presence of skill for management to increase the efficiency of the companies concerned. The development of better information systems in the global trade can enable a company increase its level of performance and meet its customer needs better. I will discuss in detail the research questions that will assist William Hill in acquisition of Stanley Leisure; due diligence need by William Hill is to enable the shareholders with adequate concept of underlying William acquisition portfolio than the prevailing market allocation of betting services.

Quantum and Thermochemical Structure lap report Assignment

Quantum and Thermochemical Structure lap report - Assignment Example Because of the difficulty of maintaining clean metal surfaces under vacuum, quantitative measurements of the photoelectric effect could not be made for many decades. However, as technology improved, it became evident that the energy of ejected electrons was not related to the intensity of the light waves used, and also that below a certain light frequency - for a given material - no electrons at all could be ejected. Eventually it became possible to determine the relationship between the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons and the frequency of light used to eject them, and this was one of the major factors leading to the development of the quantum model. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons (E) can be measured by determining the voltage required to just stop the ejection of electrons (V) and multiplying this by the charge on an electron (e). Equation 1: V (J C–1) x e (1.602 x 10–19 C) = E (J) Experimentally, the dependence of E on frequency turned out to be: Equatio n 2: E (J) + k1 (J) = k2 (Js) x ? (s–1) Where k1 was different for every metal and k2 was exactly the same for every metal. What’s more, k2 was exactly the same as a ‘fudge factor’ that had been introduced into a theory developed a few years earlier to explain a completely different phenomenon. In this experiment you will carry out solo measurements to determine k1 and k2. Unlike early 20th century researchers, you will not need to spend several years constructing your apparatus from scratch, but will use a demonstration apparatus designed to measure the stopping voltage of electrons ejected from Cs3Sb in a vacuum. Experimental: The EP-05 photoelectric effect apparatus was used to measure the stopping voltage of light at 8 different wavelengths. A modified spectrometer was used t o provide UV-visible light. The wavelengths tested were 400 nm, 425 nm, 450 nm, 475 nm, 500 nm, 525 nm, 550 nm, and 575 nm. The photoelectric apparatus was set up such that the ap erture in front of the photodiode was positioned near the light source. The dials with labels â€Å"zero† and â€Å"voltage† was set to minimum before the shutter was closed. The plotting was initiated using the Lab View window. The voltage dial was set to maximum while the other dial was turned until nanoampere readings reached zero. The voltage dial was set back to minimum before the shutter was opened to increase the nanoampere reading to 10. The voltage dial was maximized once again to recheck that the â€Å"zero† dial was adjusted properly. Once everything was set, the stopping voltage was minimized and the plotting of nanoamperes versus stopping voltage was reset and started at the Lab View window. The output current in nanoamperes were determined by slowly turning the voltage dial. The measured current was recorded and then plotted according to its stopping voltage reading. The measurement is ended when the critical value for stopping voltage where there is minimal change in nanoamperes with respect to voltage is achieved. The whole procedure was done for each of the 8 chosen wavelengths. Results: The experiment was done properly and all the needed data were acquired. The numerical values obtained from the use of the apparatus can be found at the attached document. The plot of the graph and the summary of the derived values are the following: Figure1. Compiled plots for output current versus stopping

Internet Privacy :: essays research papers

Internet Privacy: Is the Internet as safe as everyone says? As every generation comes they bring with them a new invention from cars to television to the telephone the basic existence of man, in my eyes, is to advance both technologically, thus making life better for us all and also scientifically. Man wants to know all we want to be able to answer all the questions out there as every day goes by we get closer and closer to answering some of our questions. Everyday new cures for diseases are found and also new diseases are discovered, new discoveries are made in various fields, at the same time however new problems are arising. Man in every era has depended on some form of tool to help him to his tasks whatever they may be, a tool to make things easier. This tool is technology; technology does not have to be the modern thoughts of computers. Technology is "the science of technical processes in a wide, though related field of knowledge." That is the definition given by The New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language. So technology can be anything as long as it helps us advance. It can be anything like a plough to help a farmer, a television to help the media and the telephone to help us communicate. The latest technology of the 20th Century is the Internet and it has placed a great mark on our society. It is the new "place to be" where business can advance, people can interact worldwide at the click of a mouse and this has revolutionarily changed the world. In the world of the Internet there are millions of members worldwide and that means it is a very profitable arena. In an area where there is money there are criminals and that is where the modern criminals of the world are behind computer screens. They may be credible individuals in society and they could also be credible corporations and organizations that are finding a quick way to make money and by doing this they are breaking ethical rules of society (even though it is hard to determine the ethics of the internet) and one of these crimes is the violation of the privacy of others. I have logged on to the internet and have felt safe, like anyone should that logs on to the net, that I am the only one viewing my mail or cruising the net, I feel like I am the only one that knows where I have been and that no one is tracking me.

Federal government of the United States Essay

 © 2010 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. All rights reserved. The Carnegie Endowment does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented here are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Endowment, its staff, or its trustees. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Carnegie Endowment. Please direct inquiries to: About the Author Nathaniel Ahrens is a visiting scholar in the Carnegie Energy and Climate Program, where his research focuses on climate, energy, and sustainable development issues in China. He is the president of Golden Road Ventures Ltd., a business development and strategic advisory firm that provides expertise and support for critical projects in China, including sustainable development, government procurement, agriculture, and media. Previously, Ahrens was senior product manager and director of international sales for Intrinsic Technology, a Shanghai-based telecommunications software provider. He also founded Shanghai Pack Ltd., a luxury-brand packaging company based in Shanghai and Paris. Ahrens is a member of the National Committee on U.S.–China Relations, the Asia Society, and serves as an honorary ambassador for the State of Maine. Indigenous innovation1 has become the greatest immediate source of economic friction between the United States and China. This trend is not unique to these two countries; policy makers globally are actively trying to stimulate domestic innovation. The burgeoning markets for biotech and environmentrelated products and services and, potentially even more important, countries’ efforts to emerge from the global economic slowdown all reinforce this trend. Mindful of this global scene, China has made indigenous innovation one of the core elements of its attempt to make a structural shift up the industrial value chain. Recently, however, indigenous innovation has been tarred with a protectionist brush. In both China and the United States, there have been increasing calls for buy-local stipulations and the erection of tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade. In China, these measures primarily take the shape of government â€Å"local content† mandates and through the preferential treatment given to products officially classified as â€Å"national indigenous innovation products† (NIIP) in the government procurement process. In the United States, they have taken the form of buy-local provisions and efforts to shut out foreign companies. The conflict has been escalating dangerously. In the run-up to the recent Strategic and Economic Dialogue, the U.S. business community ranked indigenous innovation in China as its number one policy concern, above even the currency issue. As of this writing, the key points of contention remain unresolved. Yet despite the loud cries of protest against it, the global trend toward â€Å"homegrown† innovation is a healthy, positive development. Without innovation, countries cannot continually raise wages and living standards.2 Government procurement should play an important role in stimulating innovation, but maintaining open markets and international linkages is critical. But instead of following its current approach of short-term product substitution and picking winners by protecting them from competition, China should focus on proven, market-friendly ways of stimulating innovation. Government procurement’s primary roles should be market signaling, de-risking R&D, bridging the finance gap, and stimulating demand. The United States would also benefit by refocusing its government procurement policies along the lines indicated in the key findings of this paper, especially concentrating on facilitating more open markets and elevating the importance of sustainable procurement. The following set of specific recommendations for China will stimulate innovation through open markets and the effective use of government procurement