The Merger of Womens and Mens Sports will Benefit Women :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Merger of Women's and Men's Sports will Benefit Women Every sports fan hates to admit the fact that sports are simply business, but it is undeniable that sports are one of the most lucrative businesses in the U.S. Right now the market for women's professional sports is growing rapidly. The best way for women's sporting organizations to promote and sell this market is to align with previously established organizations such as the NBA, NCAA and the USOIC. Although joining with men's organizations is a difficult process that involves compromise, merging with these organizations helps to land big television contracts, gives greater publicity, and brings in endorsements, advertisers and investors. The lack of these benefits was among the key factors in the failure of the ABL. Inversely, these are the reasons for the successes of the WNBA and women's sports in the Olympics. Throughout the history of female athletics merging with male sports organizations has not always been a pleasant experience. In 1982 the AIAW merged with the NCAA, despite the NCAA fighting tooth and nail to try and find ways out of Title IX, an act of Congress that required Universities to provide equal funding for women's athletics. The NCAA did everything they could to stop the equal funding but finally gave in during the 1990's. Right now the NCAA embraces its women's sports programs and has had many women represented on the executive committee roster and even has a committee on women's athletics. Also, the NCAA has worked out television contracts with ESPN, FOX sports and CBS. This has lead to not only coverage of women's sports but publicity. Women's games are talked about on Sports Center and College Hoops Tonight everyday during the season. The addition of the women's to the Olympics did a lot more to promote commercial secures and the advancement of women's The Women's Olympic Games went out of business shortly after the Olympics allowed women to participate. Women lost a lot with this merger at first due to the fact that women were prohibited from many Olympic events that they could have participated in as part of the Women's Olympics. These restrictions weren't lifted until 1984. However in the long run co-ed Olympics are beneficial for women's sports. At the 2002 Olympics at Salt Lake City there was only two sports that USA women did not compete in, ski jumping and the Nordic combined.

Noram Foods

Noram Foods Noram Foods is considering changing their current policy on package weight standards. The current policy states that 95% of packages are to be greater than the stated net weight. However, management believes a more accurate control policy could reduce costs for Noram foods while insuring net weight does not fall below the stated amount. Current issues: Specifically regarding the pre-cooked cereal line Noram Foods has initiated the 95% weight policy to ensure stated weight specifications are met.This relatively high percentage is due to increased regulations, undeveloped technology, and negative consumer response towards under weighted packages. This has motivated Norman to establish reputability by choosing this control policy. Additional considerations include: * Addressing flexibility of a 95% standard * Updated, precise technology is expensive – What is the ROI? Is there on marginal value added? * Keeping norms within government specifications * Preservation of positive company reputation Lower product deviation without falling under stated weight * Overweight packages creates higher cost and decreased profit margin * Underweight packages leads to consumer and governmental reaction and inefficiency due to under-utilization of capacity Current Policy Analysis Option 1: Keep Current Control Policy(=95%) With Option 1, Norman Foods will be able to maintain the 95% weight policy and seek cost reduction in another area to increase their profit margin. Potential Cost Reducing Opportunities: * Reduce the rotation schedule of control operators – i. . rotate every ? day instead of every ? hour * Leads to improvement in efficiency due to less shifting of human resources * Increased total output * Mid-shift change could assist control operators dealing with redundancy * Seek possible technological improvements with the weighing instruments * Decrease inefficiency Potential Consequential Issues: * Probable high turnover rate to due mundane * Co uld led to an increase in HR costs due to recruiting and training new people Option 2: Reduce current standard (< 95%) Graph 1 Retrieved from: www. ublicecon. com With Option 2, Noram Foods would be required to test and analyze various percentage points below the current 95% standard and, as Graph 1 demonstrates, doing so until an equilibrium is achieved between costs incurred and control not falling below LCL. Possible Consequential Issues: * Reducing the current standard would result in a decrease in standard deviation * Increased risk of falling below the lower control limit * Additional problems may be created * Additional value through cost reduction is added through the rectification of arising issues.Our Analysis Moreover, the company shuts down the operation when outliers fall below the LCL. However, when the process produces outliers that are above the UCL, the machine continues to operate. Noram Foods should develop a cost/benefit analysis to conclude at what level of uppe r outliers creates excessive costs. Based on Exhibit 4 that concerns the Consumer Packaging and Labeling Act, Noram Foods should have a warning system that signifies that the package has exceeded its required tolerance level of ~7. 5 grams. This will reduce unnecessary cost.The operator working at a particular station should be in charge of making sure the weight is within control limits. The company should create incentives to keep control operators motivated while performing these mind numbing tasks. We propose that for every year that a control operator completes their processes while staying in the specified range, they receive personal recognition from the company. This could take the form of an award or plaque offered by the manager. The added incentive can increase employee productivity and moral, thereby reducing turnover.

The Gathering Essay

To an extent The Gathering portrays the dark side of human nature. A dark side of a human is the side that tells that human to do evil and bad things. The Gathering is a novel written by Isobelle Carmody. When the main character Nathanial and his mother move to a new town called Cheshunt he realises that something is terribly wrong. He soon finds himself in a group with four other people called the chain, fighting the dark, ancient evil that bruised Cheshunt a long time ago. A long time ago Cheshunt was bruised by an ancient evil which caused bad things to happen there. In Cheshunt, there were people with power over others and their power corrupted them. Mr Karle, a teacher and the leader of the school youth group tried to manipulate people by using their fears against them. Even though The Gathering shows the dark side of humans it also displays the good side of humans. An ancient evil bruised Cheshunt a long time ago and this caused bad things to happen there. When Nathaniel decided to walk his dog for the first time since he arrived at Cheshunt, he met a security guard who told him about Cheshunt. He said that â€Å"some places are made for trouble. Years ago some bad things happened here†. This shows that bad things happened at Cheshunt. An old lady; named Anna, who used to live in Cheshunt for a long time told Nathanial that Cheshunt â€Å"was a bad place†. This shows that Cheshunt was a bad place. The girl by the name of Lallie, who united the chain, told the group that â€Å"Long ago terrible things were done in Cheshunt. These deeds bruised the earth and a cycle of darkness has grown in Cheshunt†. This shows that terrible deeds bruised Cheshunt a long time ago. Cheshunt was bruised by ancient evil long ago and because of this many people displayed their dark side and committed evil deeds. In addition, the corrupting force of power exhibits the dark side of people. One of the members of the Chain named Danny was physically hurt by the police; who have power over the citizens of Cheshunt. He told Nathaniel that â€Å"power makes the police into Gorillas†. As Gorillas are stereotypically ferociously violent and are inhumane creatures, this shows that the police’s power corrupts them. When Nathanial and his mother were at the zoo Nathanial asked her if she thought that â€Å"a policeman could be evil†. She told him that anyone who has power over others can be evil. This shows that anyone who has power can be evil. She also quoted that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. This shows that anyone who has power can be corrupted. People who have power over others can be corrupted and when they are corrupted the show their dark side. Furthermore, Mr Karle attempts to manipulate people by using their fears against them. Nissa Jerome was a member of the chain and her weakness was love. Nissa was scared of admitting or giving in to love. Mr Karle used her fear to his advantage and said to her that she was â€Å"unfeminine and unattractive† and that â€Å"no one could love such a creature except out of pity†. As love was Nissa’s fear this shows that Mr Karle was trying to manipulate Nissa by using her fear against her. Danny was scared of the police and the power of authority. Mr Karle used Danny’s fear against him when he said â€Å"I think you must truly have damaged your brain in that field. The dog must have bitten into it†. As on the night that the police hurt Danny, Danny was being hurt by the police’s dog, this shows that Mr Karle tried to manipulate Danny. Nathanial was scared of turning out like his father. Mr Karle used Nathanial’s fear against him when he told Nathanial that he â€Å"is going the way of his father†. This shows that Mr Karle tried to manipulate Nathaniel by using his fear against him. Mr Karle tried to manipulate many people and by doing this he is displaying his dark side. Although The Gathering exhibits the dark side of people it also displays the good side of people. Throughout The Gathering, Nissa and Nathanial build up their relationship. Eventually their relationship became so good that Nissa â€Å"leaned forward and pressed her lips on† his. This shows that The Gathering displays the good side of human nature. Seth was another member of the chain and when the group was at the beach; Seth nearly drowned. The reason he didn’t drown was that the group worked so hard to save him that â€Å"by the time they reached the sand none of them had the strength to walk†. As the group used all their strength to save Seth this shows how much the group cared about Seth. This also shows that The Gathering displays the good side of human nature. The Gathering displays both the good side and dark side of people. A long time ago Cheshunt was bruised by an ancient evil which caused bad things to happen there. In Cheshunt, there were people with power over others and their power corrupted them. Mr Karle, a teacher and the leader of the school youth group tried to manipulate people by using their fears against them. Even though The Gathering shows the dark side of humans it also displays the good side of humans. In the end the Chain stayed together, defeated Mr Karle and rid Cheshunt of the evil that bruised it a long time ago.

Stat 200 Exam 2

Top of Form Points Awarded| 34. 00| Points Missed| 6. 00| Percentage| 85. 0%| 1. The level of significance associated with a significance test is the probability A)  of rejecting a true null hypothesis. B)  of not rejecting a true null hypothesis. C)  that the null hypothesis is true. D)  that the alternative hypothesis is true. Feedback:  This level of significance, commonly set to ? equal to 0. 05, is used to set the cut-off as the maximum probability a researcher would use in order to reject a true null hypothesis. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 2.A null hypothesis is that the average pulse rate of adults is 70. For a sample of 64 adults, the average pulse rate is 71. 8. A significance test is done and the p-value is 0. 02. What is the  most  appropriate conclusion based on ? of 0. 05? A)  Conclude that the population average pulse rate is 70. B)  Conclude that the population average pulse rate is 71. 8. C)  Reject the hypothesis that the p opulation average pulse rate is 70. D)  Reject the hypothesis that the sample average pulse rate is 70. Feedback:  Since the p-value is less than ? we would reject the Ho the null hypothesis that the population average pulse rate is 70.Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 3. If the result of a hypothesis test for a proportion is statistically significant, then A)  the null hypothesis is rejected. B)  the alternative hypothesis is rejected. C)  the population proportion must equal the null value. Feedback:  When a hypothesis test is statistically significant then we reject Ho the null hypothesis Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 4. Which of the following conclusions is  not  equivalent to rejecting the null hypothesis? A)  The results are statistically significant. B)  The results are not statistically significant.C)  The alternative hypothesis is accepted. D)  The p-value < ? (the significance level) Feedback:  All are eq uivalent conclusions for rejecting Ho except when results are  not  statistically significant (i. e. we do  not  reject Ho) Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 5. Determine if the statement is a typical null hypothesis (Ho) or alternative hypothesis (Ha). There is no difference between the proportion of overweight men and overweight women in America. A)  Null hypothesis B)  Alternative hypothesis Feedback:  Ho refers to no difference or change or equal to.Ha will be the research hypothesis that involves either a difference, greater than, or less than. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 6. A safety officer wants to prove that ? = the average speed of cars driven by a school is less than 25 mph. Suppose that a random sample of 14 cars shows an average speed of 24. 0 mph, with a sample standard deviation of 2. 2 mph. Assume that the speeds of cars are normally distributed. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses? A)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? < 25 B)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? > 25 C)  Ho: ? = 25 and Ha: ? ? 25 D)  Ho: ? ? 25 and Ha: ? = 25E)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar < 24 F)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar > 24 G)  Ho: x-bar = 24 and Ha: x-bar ? 24 H)  Ho: x-bar ? 24 and Ha: x-bar = 24 Feedback:  The word  less  is the key term in determining the correct Ha expression. Exceeds implies that the investigator is only interested in whether the true  population  mean is  less  than 25. The value of 24 is the  sample  mean. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 7. An ESP experiment is done in which a participant guesses which of 4 cards the researcher has randomly picked, where each card is equally likely. This is repeated for 200 trials.The null hypothesis is that the subject is guessing, while the alternative is that the subject has ESP and can guess at higher than the chance rate. The subject actually gets 70 correct answers out of the 200 trials. Whi ch of the following describes the probability represented by the p-value for this test? A)  The probability that the subject has ESP B)  The probability that the subject is just guessing. C)  The probability of 70 or more correct guesses if the subject has ESP. D)  The probability of 70 or more correct guesses if the subject is guessing at the chance rate. Feedback:  The null hypothesis would be that the subject is guessing, i. . Ho: ? = 1/4. Then the p-value is the probability that if the subject were guessing that they would get 70 or more right Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 8. Suppose the significance level for a hypothesis test is ? = 0. 05. If the p-value is 0. 049, the decision is to A)  reject the null hypothesis. B)  accept the null hypothesis. C)  not reject the null hypothesis. Feedback:  With p-value <e; ? our decision is to reject the null hypothesis Ho Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 9. Which statement is tr ue about x-bar and ? -hat? A)  They are both parameters. B)  They are both statistics.C)  x-bar is a parameter and ? -hat is a statistic. D)  ? -hat is a parameter and x-bar is a statistic. Feedback:  Both x-bar and ? -hat represent statistics. Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 10. Which of the following statements is correct about a parameter and a statistic associated with repeated random samples of the same size from the same population? A)  Values of a parameter will vary from sample to sample but values of a statistic will not. B)  Values of both a parameter and a statistic may vary from sample to sample. C)  Values of a parameter will vary according to the sampling distribution for that parameter.D)  Values of a statistic will vary according to the sampling distribution for that statistic. Feedback:  The population parameter does not vary, however, the values of the statistic will vary based on the sampling distribution of that statistic P oints Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 11. For a random sample of 10 men, the mean head circumference is x = 57. 3 cm and the sample standard deviation is s = 2 cm. The standard error of the sample mean is A)  0. 200 B)  0. 447 C)  0. 500 D)  0. 632 Feedback:  The standard error equals S/Sq. Rt. of N = 2/3. 16 = 0. 632 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| D| 12. Suppose that a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of first-year students at a school who played in intramural sports is 35% plus or minus 5%. The margin of error for the confidence interval is A)  5% B)  35% C)  95% Feedback:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"plus or minus† indicates the margin of error which is 5% Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 13. In a past General Social Survey, a random sample of men and women answered the question â€Å"Are you a member of any sports groups? † Based on the sample data, 95% confidence intervals for the population proportion who wou ld answer yes are 0. 3 to 0. 19 for women and 0. 25 to 0. 33 for men. Based on these results, you can reasonably conclude that A)  at least 25% of American men and American women belong to sports clubs. B)  there is no conclusive evidence of a gender difference in the proportions of men and women who belong to sports clubs. C)  there is conclusive evidence of a gender difference in proportions of American men and American women who belong to sports clubs. Feedback:  Since the two confidence intervals do not overlap there is conclusive evidence that a difference in the proportions exists Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| C| 14. In a past General Social Survey, 87% of a random sample of n = 990 respondents answered yes to the question â€Å"Would you approve of an adult male punching a stranger if the stranger had broken into the man's house? † A 90% confidence interval for the proportion of all Americans who approve of punching an intruder is A)  0. 852 to 0. 888 B)  0. 849 to 0. 891 C)  0. 845 to 0. 895 D)  0. 842 to 0. 898 Feedback:  A confidence interval is found by sample statistic  ± Zmultiplier*StandardError. With p-hat of 0. 87, Zmultiplier of 1. 65 and n = 990, the 90% confidence interval is 0. 49 to 0. 891 Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 15. A randomly selected sample of n =51 men in Brazil had an average lifespan of 59 years. The standard deviation was 10 years and the standard error was 1. 400. Calculate a 98% confidence interval for the average lifespan for all men in Brazil. A)  (55. 6, 62. 4) B)  (56. 2, 61. 8) C)  (35. 0, 83. 0) Feedback:  Using degrees of freedom equal to 51 – 1 gives a t* of 2. 40 for confidence level of 98%. The standard error is equal to s/vn = 10/v51 = 1. 400 [given! ]. The interval then is 59  ± 2. 40*1. 400 = (55. 6, 62. 4) Points Earned:| 1. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 16. In a random sample of 1000 students, 80% were in favor of longer hour s at the school library. The standard error of ? -hat is approximately: A)  0. 013 B)  0. 160 C)  0. 640. D)  0. 800 Feedback:  The standard error is found by taking the square root of [(0. 80)(0. 20)/1000] = 0. 013 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 17. A researcher wants to assess if there is a difference in the average age of onset of a certain disease for men and women who get the disease. Let ? 1  = average age of onset for women and ? 2  = average age of onset for men.A random sample of 30 women with the disease showed an average age of onset of 83 years, with a sample standard deviation of 11. 5 years. A random sample of 20 men with the disease showed an average age of onset of 77 years, with a sample standard deviation of 4. 5 years. Assume that ages at onset of this disease are normally distributed for each gender, do not assume the population variances are equal. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses? A)  ? 1  = ? 2   and Ha: ? 1  ? ?2 B)  ? 1  ? ?2  and Ha: ? 1  = ? 2 C)  ? 1  = ? 2  and Ha: ? 1  < ? 2 D)  ? 1  = ? 2  and Ha: ? 1  > ? 2Feedback:  Since the researcher is interested in detecting only a  difference  this would imply that any difference will do, thus the Ha is ? Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 18. It is known that for right-handed people, the dominant (right) hand tends to be stronger. For left-handed people who live in a world designed for right-handed people, the same may  not  be true. To test this, muscle strength was measured on the right and left hands of a random sample of 15 left-handed men and the difference (left – right) was found. The alternative hypothesis is one-sided (left hand stronger).The resulting t-statistic was 1. 90. This is an example of A)  a two-sample t-test. B)  a paired t-test. C)  a pooled t-test. D)  an unpooled t-test. Feedback:  Since two measurements were taken per individ ual (i. e. for each man sampled muscle strength was measured on his right hand then his left hand) this would be a study using paired data. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 19. It is known that for right-handed people, the dominant (right) hand tends to be stronger. For left-handed people who live in a world designed for right-handed people, the same may  not  be true.To test this, muscle strength was measured on the right and left hands of a random sample of 15 left-handed men and the difference (left – right) was found. The alternative hypothesis is one-sided (left hand stronger). The resulting t-statistic was 1. 90. Assuming the conditions are met, based on the t-statistic of 1. 90 the appropriate decision for this test using ? = 0. 05 and using  T-Table  is: A)  df = 14, so p-value < 0. 05 and the null hypothesis can be rejected. B)  df = 14, so p-value > 0. 05 and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. C)  df = 28, so p-value < 0. 05 and the null hypothesis can be rejected.D)  df = 28, so p-value > 0. 05 and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. Feedback:  From  T-Table  and degrees of freedom equal to 15 ? 1 = 14 and a t-statistic of 1. 90, the p-value is between 0. 025 and 0. 050 which is less than 0. 05 making the appropriate decision to reject Ho. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 20. A shoe company wants to compare two materials, A and B, for use on the soles of boys' shoes. In this example, each of ten boys in a study wore a special pair of shoes with the sole of one shoe made from Material A and the sole on the other shoe made from Material B.The sole types were randomly assigned to account for systematic differences in wear between the left and right foot. After three months, the shoes are measured for wear. Let Ho: ? d  = 0 versus Ha: ? d  ? 0. From this random sample of 10 boys, the sample mean difference was 0. 41 and Sd  was 0. 387. If the p-value for this t est is 0. 009, then for a significance level of alpha = 0. 05, are the results statistically significant? A)  No, results are not statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05. B)  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05.C)  No, results are not statistically significant because the p-value > 0. 05   D)  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value > 0. 05. Feedback:  Yes, results are statistically significant because the p-value < 0. 05. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 21. The maximum distance at which a highway sign can be read is determined for a sample of young people and a sample of older people. The mean distance is computed for each age group. What is the most appropriate  null  hypothesis about the means of the two groups? A)  The population means are different.B)  The sample means are different. C)  The population means are the same. D)  The sample means are th e same. Feedback:  The null hypothesis, Ho, would indicate that there is no difference and that this would take place in the population. The sample is used to test for a population difference. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 22. The p-value for a one-sided test for a mean was 0. 04. The p-value for the corresponding two-sided test would be: A)  0. 02 B)  0. 04 C)  0. 06 D)  0. 08 Feedback:  When we go from a 1-sided test of hypotheses to a 2-sided test we would double the p-value.Conversely, going from a 2-sided to a 1-sided we would cut the p-value in half. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 23. A shopper wanted to test whether there was a difference in the average waiting times at the check-out counter among 5 different supermarkets. She selected a random sample of 20 shoppers from each of the five supermarkets. What is the alternative hypothesis for this situation? A)  The average waiting time to check out is 25 minutes for all f ive supermarkets. B)  The average waiting time to check out is the same for all five supermarkets.C)  The average waiting time for each of the 100 shoppers is different. D)  The average waiting time to check out is not the same for all five supermarkets. Feedback:  The alternative hypothesis for an ANOVA test is that all the means are not the same, i. e. the means are not all equal. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 24. Which one of the following choices describes a problem for which an analysis of variance would be appropriate? A)  Comparing the proportion of successes for three different treatments of anxiety. Each treatment is tried on 100 patients.B)  Analyzing the relationship between high school GPA and college GPA. C)  Comparing the mean birth weights of newborn babies for three different racial groups. D)  Analyzing the relationship between gender and opinion about capital punishment (favor or oppose). Feedback:  The dependent (response) v ariable needs to be continuous and the different levels of the independent variable need to be mutually exclusive and categorical. This leads to the correct answer of mean birth weights (continuous response) across three racial groups (mutually exclusive, categorical). Points Earned:| 0. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 25. A study compared grade point averages (GPA) for students in a class: students were divided by 6 locations where they usually sat during lecture (i. e. left or right front, left or right center, left or right rear). A total sample size of 12 students was studied (2 students from each section) using one-way analysis of variance. What are the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom for the ANOVA F-test? A)  6 for numerator and 12 for denominator. B)  5 for numerator and 11 for denominator. C)  5 for numerator and 6 for denominator.Feedback:  The numerator degrees of freedom are found by taking the number of group levels minus 1 (this case 6 ? 1 = 5) and the denominator degrees of freedom are found by taking the total sample size minus the number of group levels (12 ? 6 = 6) Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 26. A study compared testosterone levels among athletes in four sports: soccer, track, Lacrosse, and water polo. The total sample size was n =30 (10 soccer, 10 track, 5 Lacrosse, and 5 water polo). A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the population mean levels for the four sports.The sum of squared errors is SS Error = 100. What is the value of the Mean Square Error (MS Error)? A)  10 B)  3. 45 C)  3. 85 Feedback:  The MS Error is equal to the SS Error divided by the Error degrees of freedom (which are equal to the total sample size minus the number of group levels: 30 ? 4 = 26). Therefore, the answer is 100/26 = 3. 85 Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 27. On a survey conducted at a university, students were asked how they felt about their weight (about right, overweight , or underweight), and also were asked to record their grade point average (GPA).There were 235 responses, with 160 saying their weight was about right, 50 said they were overweight, and 17 underweight. The question of interest is whether mean GPA is the same or differs for different weight attitude populations. The test F-statistic value is 4. 98. The p-value of 0. 008 is found by calculating: A)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 232 degrees of freedom. B)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 234 degrees of freedom. C)  the area to the right of 4. 98 under an F-distribution with 2 and 231 degrees of freedom.Feedback:  The p-value is the probability of being greater than the F-statistic or simply the area to the right of the F-statistic with the corresponding degrees of freedom for the group (number of group levels minus 1, or 3 ? 1 = 2) and error (total sample size minus the number of group levels, or 235 ? 3 = 232) Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 28. Ninety people with high cholesterol are randomly divided into three groups of thirty, and a different treatment program for decreasing cholesterol is assigned to each group.The response variable is the change in cholesterol level after two months of treatment. An analysis of variance will be used to compare the three treatments. What null hypothesis is tested by this ANOVA F-test? A)  The sample variances are equal for the three treatment groups. B)  The population variances are equal for the three treatments. C)  The sample means are equal for the three treatment groups. D)  The population means are equal for the three treatments Feedback:  The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test is that all population means are equal. Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 29.A study done by the Center for Academic Integrity at Rutgers University surveyed 2116 students at 21 colleges and universities. Some of the sch ools had an â€Å"honor code† and others did not. Of the students at schools with an honor code, 7% reported having plagiarized a paper via the Internet, while at schools with no honor code, 13% did so. (Sacramento Bee, Feb 29, 2000, D1. ) For this study, which of the following statements about percent increase in risk is correct? A)  There is a 185. 7% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. B)  There is an 85. % increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. C)  There is a 53. 8% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. D)  There is a 6% increase in the risk of plagiarism at a school with no honor code, compared to a school with an honor code. Feedback:  The percentage increase is found by taking the difference in risks between one group minus the baseline and then dividi ng this difference by the baseline risk. Here the answer that makes sense is one using the â€Å"with honor† as the baseline.Doing so produces: (13%-7%)/7% = 85. 7% increase in plagiarism from â€Å"with honor† to â€Å"without honor†. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 30. Which of the following variables  COULD  be used in a Chi-Square analysis? A)  Gender B)  Political Party Affiliation C)  Race D)  Age E)  Course Section Number F)  All of the above Feedback:  All are possible as you could categorize age. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| F| 31. A survey looked at the opinions of 321 respondents from the General Social Survey by whether they owned a gun (or not) and whether they favored (or opposed) a law requiring a permit to own a gun.What is the correct  null  hypothesis for this survey? A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law perm it   B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Feedback:  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Points Earned:| 1. /1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 32. Based on the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the percentage of 17-year olds who ever tried cigarette smoking is 56. 2%. The relative risk of ever smoking for a 17-year old versus a 12-year old is 3. 6. What is the risk of smoking for a 12-year-old (i. e. what was the percentage of 12-year olds who ever tried smoking)? A)  14. 1% B)  15. 6% C)  50. 0% D)  56. 2% Feedback:  You need to use algebra to solve: Relative risk (3. 6) = one group of interest (17 year olds who tried smoking = 56. %) divided by another group of interest (12 year olds who tried smoking and is unknown). Solving for the unknown comes to (3. 6)*(0. 562) = 0. 156 or 15. 6% Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 33. A survey examined the opinions of 321 respondents from the General Social Survey by whether they owned a gun (or not) and whether they favored (or opposed) a law requiring a permit to own a gun. What is the correct  alternative  hypothesis for this survey?A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit   D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gun ownership and opinion regard ing gun law permit Feedback:  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gun ownership and opinion regarding gun law permit Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| |Correct Answer(s):| C| 34. A survey examined the opinions of 1447 respondents in the General Social Survey to the question â€Å"Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? † The purpose of examining the data is to see if there is a gender difference in how people would respond to this question. State the  null  hypotheses for this study. A)  There is  no  relationship  in the population  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. B)  There is  no  relationship  in the sample  between gender and opinion on the death penalty.C)  There  is  a relationship  in the population  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. D)  There  is  a relationship  in the sample  between gender and opinion on the death penalty. Feedback:   The null hypothesis speaks of no relationship between the variables in the population. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 35. A regression was done for 20 cities with latitude as the explanatory variable (x) and average January temperature as the response variable (y). The latitude is measured in degrees and average January temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.The latitudes ranged from 26 (Miami) to 47 (Duluth) The regression equation is * y = 49. 4 – 0. 313x The city of Miami, Florida has latitude 26 degrees with average January temperature of 67 degrees Fahrenheit. 1. What is the estimated average January temperature for Miami, and  2. based on the regression equation, what is the residual? A)  Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the residual is – 11. 88   B)  Estimated January temperature is 36. 88 and the residual is 11. 88   C)  Estimated January temperature is 41. 3 and the residual is – 25.    D)  Estimated January te mperature is 41. 3 and the residual is 25. 7 Feedback:  The estimated January temperature is 41. 3 degrees Fahrenheit. The residual is 25. 7 degrees (residual = observed minus predicted) Points Earned:| 0. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| D| 36. Which of the following correlations indicates a stronger linear relationship between two variables? A)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 0. 90 B)  0. 75 C)  0. 50 D)  1. 25 Feedback:  The correct answer is -0. 90. Recall that the  value  of the correlation indicates the strength and this value cannot be less than – 1 nor greater than + 1 (thus ruling out 1. 5 as an answer). The negative sign just indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative) and has no bearing on the strength of the relationship. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| A| 37. What is the effect of an outlier on the value of a correlation coefficient? A)  An outlier will always decrease a correlation coefficient. B)  An outlier will always increa se a correlation coefficient. C)  An outlier might either decrease or increase a correlation coefficient, depending on where it is in relation to the other points.D)  An outlier will have no effect on a correlation coefficient. Feedback:  See the lecture notes! Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 38. A group of adults aged 20 to 80 were tested to see how far away they could first hear an ambulance coming towards them. An equation describing the relationship between distance (in feet) and age was found to be: * Distance = 600 – 3 ? Age Based on the equation, what is the direction of the association between distance and age? A)  Positive B)  Negative C)  ZeroD)  Direction can’t be determined from the equation. Feedback:  The direction of an association can be ascertained by considering the sign of the slope. Since the slope is negative then so is the association. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| B| 39. Past data has shown t hat the regression line relating the final exam score and the midterm exam score for students who take statistics from a certain professor is * final exam = 50 + 0. 5 ? midterm For a student with a midterm score of 50, the predicted final exam score is: A)  50.B)  50. 5. C)  75. D)  100. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| 40. Which of the following is a possible values of R2  indicates the strongest linear relationship between two quantitative variables? A)  -90% B)  0% C)  80% D)  120% Feedback:  Remember that the range of R2  is from 0 to 100%. Thus 80% would indicate the strongest linear relationship, i. e. correlation, based on the square root of 0. 8 is greater than the square root or 0. Points Earned:| 1. 0/1. 0| | Correct Answer(s):| C| Bottom of Form

Case Study on Adolescent Sexual Abuse Essay

Elias is a five year old Mexican American male who has recently been referred to the community counseling center due to the exposure of sexual abuse by his stepfather. Elias was a client of this community center approximately 18 months earlier. Elias had been referred for poor impulse control and hyperactivity. At that time he was diagnosed as having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). He also met with the agency psychiatrist who had prescribed Elias Focalin. His cased was closed after only a few sessions due to the family’s inconsistency and withdrawal from services. At this point in time Elias has been attending his sessions with his mother and baby brother. Stepfather’s whereabouts are unknown and he has not had any contact with the family since the abuse was exposed. Elias has returned to taking Focalin, since he failed to continue taking his medication after withdrawing from services. However, there have been no changes noted in his behavior since he has begun to take the medication. The psychiatrist believes that this may be due to the low dosage he has prescribed Elias and because of such, the psychiatrist has opted to slowly increase the dosage and closely monitor any changes. The clinician notes that Elias is extremely hyperactive and exhibits minimal impulse control. Other than his high levels of restlessness, Elias shows no observable signs or symptoms of reaction to the sexual abuse. When clinician has attempted to process with Elias about the abuse or his feelings about the abuse, Elias has changed the subject or ignored the clinician all together. Mother states that she has noticed no changes in his behavior since the abuse was discovered. Practice Effectiveness Questions  The special population in discussion is children, the social problems in focus are sexual abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which leads the target client group to be children who have experienced sexual abuse and have been diagnosed with ADHD. Our client is Elias who is a child, who has experienced sexual abuse and is diagnosed with ADHD. For the purposes of this discussion our practice effectiveness questions are: 1) What are effective interventions for children who have been sexually abused? and 2) What are effective interventions for children who have been diagnosed with ADHD? Search Description Procedures The databases utilized for this search were: Google Scholar, Social Work Abstracts, Child Welfare Information Gateway, Academic Search Complete, Professional Development Collection, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SocINDEX with Full Text Sociological Collection, Academic Search Premier, and JSTOR. It was also helpful to review the journal entitled Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment for relevant articles. While searching the aforementioned databases, the following keywords were utilized: ‘sexual abuse and ADHD’, ‘sexual abuse and interventions’, sexual abuse and co-morbidity’, ‘ADHD and co-morbidity’, ‘children and sexual abuse’, ‘sexual abuse and interventions. ’ All articles selected were peer reviewed, found in scholarly journals, and published within the last ten years. In searching for relevant articles regarding treatment of sexual abuse, most articles addressed interventions designed to treat perpetrators of child sexual abuse; a few articles were uncovered that discussed treating adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Fewer still were articles that identified interventions for children who are recent or current victims of sexual abuse. In order to find information relevant to our target client group, we began pulling sources from reference pages of relevant articles which provided more focused research relevant to treatment of children who have experienced sexual abuse. Results The result of our exhaustive search of available literature led us to identify eight articles to focus on. Out of these articles, four dealt specifically with children who have experienced sexual abuse, two focused on abuse of children which included physical abuse along with sexual abuse, two were focused primarily on ADHD, four focused on co-morbidity of either post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or ADHD and sexual abuse, and four specifically discussed treatments and interventions. Half of the selected articles were literature reviews while the remaining four were reporting from the standpoint of a primary source on research studies of treatments and interventions. The research studies varied in their sampling and control or comparison groups; only two studies were able to utilize a true experimental design with random assignment of study participants to control and experimental groups. The literature reviews provided an extensive overview of relevant studies and interventions from a secondary source standpoint. The eight identified sources provided an assortment of research-based perspectives as well as a sampling of evidence based on authority by those who reviewed the literature and discussed their findings in literature reviews. Research Findings Description of Articles In the article Sexually Abused Children Suffering from PTSD: Assessment and Treatment Strategies by David Heyne, Neville J. King, Paul Mullen, Nicole Myerson, Thomas H. Ollendick, Stephanie Rollings, and Bruce T. Tonge states that sexual abuse of children is a major societal problem because of its high prevalence and devastating impact on the victimized child. Children who have been sexually abused often demonstrate anxiety, depressive moods, improper sexual behaviors, nightmares, social withdrawal, sleep difficulties, anger, shame/guilt and school problems. The authors did diagnostic interviewing with their participants. The authors interviewed thirty six children and sixty nine percent were primarily diagnosed with PTSD. Within the thirty six children four of the children with full PTSD had no other diagnoses. Nine had one co morbid diagnoses, ten had two co morbid diagnoses, and two had three co morbid diagnoses. PTSD is not always prevalent and at times other emotional and behavioral problems are prevalent. In fact, many studies confirm that on clinical evaluation a large proportion of sexually abused children meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD (Heyne, at el. , 2003). This particular article showed that often there are other diagnoses that go along with PTSD but in an article by Peggy T. Ackerman, Roscoe A. Dykman, Jerry G. Jones, W. Brian McPherson, and Joseph E. O. Newton, did research on groups that have been affected sexual, physically abused, or both. The article Prevalence of PTSD and Other Psychiatric Diagnosis in Three Groups of Abused Children (Sexual, Physical, and Both) was a study done with children that are sexually and or physically abused. Fortunately, many children who are victims of horrifying events do not develop PTSD or other psychiatric disorders (Ackerman at el. 1998). Very little is known as to why some victimized children do and others do not develop psychiatric disorders. Even such basic variables as gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, intelligence, and age at time of trauma, have been inadequately studied. They were in a large children’s hospital in which sexual and or physically abused children were referred. The groups were divided into three, sexually and physically abused and both. Through the finding there were more boys who were physically abused and girls who were sexually abused. Anxiety and behavior disorders were more frequent than mood disorders. In concordance with clinical observation, abused boys, regardless of type abuse, had higher rates of behavioral disorders and abused girls had higher rates of two internalizing disorders: separation anxiety (caregiver reports) and phobic disorder (child report) (Ackerman at el. , 1998). Studies show most clearly that children who have been jointly physically and sexually abused are at greatest risk for psychiatric disturbance. There are many different treatment interventions one can go through to minimize PTSD and attention deficient disorders. Maryka Biaggio, Darlene Staffelbach, Dan Weinstein wrote the article ADHD and PTSD: Differential Diagnosis in Childhood Sexual Abuse which shows different interventions used for victimized children. Treatment interventions for ADHD children predominantly consist of behavior management, social skills training, and stimulant or other medication. Treatment interventions for children with PTSD generally consist of management and alleviation of emotional distress using play, psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy modalities (Biaggio at el. 2000). Relaxation techniques and hypnosis have also been effective in treatment of PTSD in children. Misdiagnosis may lead clinicians to use inappropriate interventions for PTSD. Side effects experienced by ADHD children on stimulant medication may include difficulty falling asleep, lack of appetite, irritability, headaches, stomachaches, nausea, dizziness, tachycardia, muscle tics or twitches, slowed physical growth, and skin rashes (Biaggio at el. , 2000). Another undesired onsequence of ADHD misdiagnosis in SAC (sexual abused children) is the failure to address and treat the trauma symptoms of children who actually have PTSD. Given the risk of wrongly prescribing, untreated trauma, and negative impact on self-esteem for children misdiagnosed with ADHD, it is unfortunate little attention has been given to this issue (Biaggio at el. , 2000). Increased attention to clinical decision-making in the differential diagnosis of ADHD and PTSD may lead to more appropriate, beneficial, and timely interventions. Darcie) Allison M. Briscoe-Smith and Stephen P. Henshaw’s article entitled: Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls: Behavioral and social correlates, was an excellent source to explore the relationship of sexual abuse and ADHD and begin to discuss the co-morbidity of these events for children. The article described a research study carried out with a sample of 228 females at a summer camp for girls with ADHD over a three year span. Each year cohort groups were created to identify the prevalence of abuse among girls diagnosed with ADHD and those who had not received a diagnosis of ADHD. Out of the twenty-four identified cases of abuse histories, twenty of these girls were diagnosed with ADHD, and of those abuse histories ten were sexual in nature which is much higher than any other form of maltreatment documented by the researchers. All girls who had abuse histories had a co-morbid diagnosis of Oppositional Defiance Disorder. The study found that girls with both ADHD and abuse histories were more likely to display externalizing behaviors and be negatively received by their peers. The study also analyzed the relationship between the prevalence of an abuse history and the rejection from peers and found aggression to partially mediate that relationship. The authors concluded that girls with ADHD were at increased risk of having abuse histories and questioned the accurate diagnosis of ADHD. It was suggested that the girls who had histories of abuse may more accurately be diagnosed with PTSD and/or share a co-morbid diagnosis with PTSD. Judith A. Cohen and Anthony P. Mannarino conducted a research study comparing two interventions to treat children who have been sexually abused; their findings were published in the article entitled: Interventions for Sexually Abused Children: Initial Treatment Outcome Findings. This article was one of few that specifically addressed interventions for children with the focus being treatment of sexual abuse. The sample consisted of 49 children between the ages of 7 and 14 who were randomly assigned to either sexual abuse specific cognitive behavioral therapy (SAS-CBT) or nondirective supportive therapy (NST) for a twelve week duration. The study found that children in the SAS-CBT group improved significantly in social competence and in the reduction of feelings of depression. Also, substantially higher percentages of children involved in SAS-CBT experienced what is considered clinically significant improvements. In regards to deterioration while in therapy, higher rates were found in children who received NST. For the safety of the other children in the groups, children who were consistently displaying repetitive extreme sexually inappropriate behaviors were removed from treatment groups; seven NST participants were removed from the study as compared to two children participating in SAS-CBT. Parental satisfaction with treatment was high in both treatment groups which either treatment modality. The clinical impressions of the authors conclude that sexual abuse specific cognitive behavioral therapy is superior to nondirective supportive therapy in the reduction of depressive symptoms. SAS-CBT was also favored due to the benefit of including parents in treatment (NST did not formally include parents). The authors also concluded that there is value and importance in providing a directive therapy technique in dealing with the effects of trauma caused by sexual abuse. Assessment of Evidence Implications of Evidence Interventions for sexual abused victim’s trauma may include based cognitive behavioral therapy, play therapy, parental involvement- parent training, behavioral therapy, coping skills training, psycho-education, and prevention awareness. PTSD interventions may include trauma based cognitive behavioral therapy, and play therapy. Attention deficit disorder can also be treated with behavioral management techniques, medication, social skills training, play therapy, parent training, behavioral classroom interventions and summer treatment programs. Many sexually abused children have other diagnosis along with PTSD and several possible co-morbid diagnosis are more than likely behavioral, but often can be confused with PTSD. When looking at interventions and treatments clinicians need to look at the client’s cultural background so that way we do not intrude on their lives.

My Leadership Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Leadership Style - Essay Example Since some employees who will be part of the new environment originally came from the old system and have hence developed relevant skills therein, employing the kind of leadership I have been exhibiting as a manager would help. Old and new employees will adjust to the new system under a merged organization and will be encouraged to share their ideas, competencies, and skills in order for the betterment of the carrying out of tasks and the organization as a whole. This may be undertaken by identifying the key points of the projector dates when feedbacks are needed about progress. Assurance that the delegated task or project is on track is also needed and must be made certain at all times. Since I am able to see the bigger picture from a far perspective, I can hence introduce solutions and innovations, to which teams can function. As a team player, I am able to encourage teams to work skillfully and cooperatively on managing the projects tasked to them. This is undertaken by delegating them the necessary tasks with me functioning as an overseer and coach. It is also a trait of mine to determine in advance how I will thank and reward the staff persons for a successful completion of the task or project delegated to them. One modification of my leadership style in addressing my situation as a leader at EEST/Ouest is incorporating point systems in job implementation through remunerative awards. This would enhance the level of productivity of employees who are challenged by the new EEST/Ouest work environment.

The 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The 20th Century - Essay Example To a great extent, the many challenges confronted by these nations were the result of doctrines and rivalries which originated in the West. The non-Western world of the twentieth century was largely shaped by the aftermath of Imperialism and by the influence of the Cold War. Imperialism was the dominant foreign policy of the European nations from the nineteenth century. Through this policy of expansion, the imperialists aimed â€Å"to get whatever was possible from the countries they controlled; whether raw materials, natural resources, or the sweat and blood of laboring native populations† (Lecture 3, 1). While economic exploitation was the chief objective of Imperialism, expansion of overseas territories also provided military and naval bases and established control over strategic locations and communication lines. Westerners justified Imperial domination through the belief that it was the â€Å"white man’s burden† to â€Å"bring the benefits of civilization t o his dark-skinned brothers† (Lecture 3, 2). Again, Social Darwinism proposed that â€Å"select human groups would and should flourish and rule over those that were less fit and less capable or developed† (Lecture 3, 3). The leading colonial power was Great Britain, whose â€Å"possession grew to cover an area 40 times greater than the homeland† (Lecture 4). ... h Africa was governed through segregationist legislation based on racial discrimination: the policy of ‘apartheid.’ Apartheid may be considered a direct reflection of Imperialism’s rationale of racial superiority and exploitation. It was the greatest challenge confronted by South Africa in the second half of the twentieth century. Bishop Desmond Tutu’s statement to the United Nations Security Council in October 1984 (Document # 5) is a scathing indictment of apartheid. Tutu condemns apartheid as â€Å"a vicious, immoral and totally evil, and unchristian system† (Page 8). The Group Areas Act, the Population Registration Act, and separate educational systems and townships for the different race groups, ensured that the coloreds, who constituted over â€Å"73 percent of the population, the Overwhelming majority in the land† (Page 7), were denied the franchise, land rights and equal opportunities. South Africa witnessed a prolonged, often violent struggle against apartheid. Finally, the release of Nelson Mandela in 1994 ushered in a new era of racial equality and reconciliation in South Africa. Imperialism, exacerbated by the post-war redrawing of national boundaries, was also the root cause of the Arab-Israeli conflict which was the major challenge confronted by the Middle East in the twentieth century. â€Å"More than any other region in the world it became an arena for political and military conflict and great power rivalry† (Lecture 20). The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I and the fragmented territory was divided between Great Britain and France by the United Nations as the Palestine Mandate. The British sowed the seeds of the Arab-Israeli conflict by making unfulfilled, contradictory promises to the Jews and the Arabs in order to advance their World