Middle East Essay Example for Free

Middle East EssayThe central difference between Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims is the manner in which they have chosen to concede leaders in Islam following the death of the prophet Muhammad. Etymologically, Sunni people are those who follow the traditions of the Prophet, whilst the Shia are those who follow the Household of the Prophet, and these are apt descriptors of the manner in which they differ.Sunni Muslims chose to recognize the assurance of Muhammads companions, who declared that the role of leadership was to be accorded to one deemed capable, establishing a Caliphate under Muhammads confidante, Abu Bakr. Shia Muslims on the other hand, chose not to recognize the authority of the Caliphate, and instead devoted themselves to a line of imams they believe to be appointed through divine right. Shia Muslims are essentially the minority, with Sunni Muslim comprising 85% of the worlds Islamic population.Generally speaking, Amin maintains that despite these political differe nces, their core beliefs are fundamentally the same. The fundamental analogy he provides is the contrast between Protestantism and the Roman Catholic Orthodoxy. The Shia Imam is essentially a nigh-infallible figure accorded Pope-like reverence, while the Sunni choose a more individualistic and secular form of respect, eschewing formal clergy in favor of scholarship and liberty much like Protestantism.Other than that, they agree on many critical aspects of Islam the Five Pillars, and neither group denies the others right to identifying as Muslim. As Athar observes, many Muslims do not actually actively distinguish themselves nominally. However, Athar also argues that the political ramifications of their differences have led to an unfair stigmatization of the Shia Muslims within Western media, if it chooses at all to inform non-Muslims of these differences. One notable misconception is the notion that Shia do not pay zakat or poor-due when in fact, they do.They simply choose not to make this contribution through the Sunni government, which they believe to be corrupt. Works Cited Amin, Hussein Abdulwaheed. The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam. Islam For Today. 17 disdainful 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2008 from http//www. islamfortoday. com/shia. htm Athar, Shahid. Shia Sunni Unity Shia Sunni Differences, Shia Sunni Conflict. Islam Online. 5 June 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2008 from http//www. ezsoftech. com/Akram/shiasunniunity. asp

Crisis and Opportunity Essay Example for Free

Crisis and Opportunity Essay1) IntroductionNowadays, we have piddled our own world of technology. Convenience and efficiency atomic number 18 catered through it. Yet, the earth, the natural world, seems to develop against such artificial world, by sending signals of natural crises to us. In this project, we are going to talk ab out How people benefit from Water Crisis surrounding the foundation Crisis and Opportunity. The piddle crisis is branched out as two sections, namely pissing shortage and water pollution.The amount of water in the world is stable it scarce changes its physical forms. Nonetheless, the task of water shortages still exists. In fact, what we lack is average water. With rapid advancing of human activities and technology, and unfavorable natural features like uneven distribution of rivers, the water crisis is growingly affecting our lives negatively and takes them at risk. Water is polluted by increasing human activities. Industrial wastes which incl ude heavy metals like mercury and lead, noisome to living things, are illegally dumped into water sources Sewage is directly deposited into rivers, which normally is a source of white-hot water. Ultimately, global warming, was elicited by human too, depletes clean water. With changing of climates, some countries cheek more floods which pollute clean water while other countries face more droughts which grounds massive drying out of clean water.Now, we start worrying about the crisis because water controls our lives tightly as we could not survive without it. On the other hand, people are developing more and more solutions. By approaching the problem optimistically, this ought to turn this crisis into an opportunity so that we and the world scum bag proceed sustainably. Scientists from all virtually the world have come up with ideas to operate the problem piecemeal.2) Literature ReviewWe used secondary research in this paper as thither is simply no way for us to conduct our o wn research on water crisis. We mainly consulted online websites and read some online books. We also read articles from credible magazines such as National geographic There is also a website called Global Water Intelligence which is a Market-Leading website for the analysis of International water industry.From these sources, we mainly found out that water is truly limited well-nigh the world and there are people dying from consuming polluted water or simply dehydration. We also found out that the water crisis brought out some new technologies that changed the water pattern of the world.Have you ever thought of turning water from your basin into drinking water? round people may think that it is impossible, or even a disaster. However, in Singapore, scientists have developed some orders, which can change waste water into everlasting(a) water. The reused water is called the unused Water.How to purify used water? Used water is collected from residence, companies, and schools, and t hen it is purified by three steps. First, it undergoes microfiltration. Large particles can be filtered away in this step. Afterwards, it undergoes reverse osmosis. Differentially-permeable membranes are used in reverse osmosis. These membranes contain tiny holes, which can only allow water molecules to pass through, so contaminated substances, such as viruses, bacteria can be removed. Lastly, ultraviolet light is used as a back-up to ensure the remaining micro-organisms were completely killed. This pays cutting Water.On the other hand, some people might worry that New Water was unclean, and thus may affect the health of citizens. However, research conducted, as shown in figure 1 and 2, the level of organic substance and amount of bacteria in New Water was much lower than the local rootage water. Indeed, this shows that the New Water meets the requirement of drinking water so its safety was ensured. Compare to the other sources of water, New Water is even cleaner. Therefore, it w as awarded numerous global water awards among these years, and this can surely tackle the problem of water shortage without polluting.There is another way to tackle water shortage and pollution. Do you know how sailors halt fresh water when they are on a voyage? They obtain fresh water by changing sea water into drinking water. This method is called desalination.Sea water accounts for 97% of the worlds water resource. Only the remaining 3% is consumable for humans. In some countries like Saudi Arabia, there is water shortage. They only have a small amount of consumable fresh water. However, they have a large supplement of sea water. However the coarseness of sea water is four times higher than our body fluids. When we drink salt water, water molecules in our cells entrust move out of the cell collectible to osmosis. This net transfer of water may cause our cells to shrink, which may lead to dehydration, and death in serious situations. So how can this modern technology milita ry service us to turn this crisis into another opportunity?Desalination refers to the removal of salt and other minerals of saline water to make it consumable. It has become increasingly popular in recent years due to enhancement in technology. There are two methods for desalination.The most common type is work by reverse osmosis, which is ground on osmosis- the movement of substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. It is a membrane-technology filtration and removes salt and minerals by pressurizing the sea water, forcing them to move through the selective membrane. The selective membrane has pores that allow only water particle to pass through, so that salt molecules and other pollutants are trapped behind the membrane. The by-product produced in the passage is salt. It creates an economic opportunity.The process in a desalination plantThermal distillation is another way of desalination other than reverse osmosis. It is known as the multi-stage flash distill ation. It distillates water by flashing a portion of water into steam in multiple stages and then condense them into portable water.Where do we come about desalination plant? In Hong Kong, the Water Supplies Department has two desalination plants which use reverse osmosis. The first one is fit(p) in Ap Lei Chau and the other one located in Tuen Mun. The government is also planning to build another desalination plant in Tseung Kwan O. There are 100 countries around the world which uses this technology. Saudi Arabia accounts for 25% of the worlds desalination output, with over 2000 desalination plants around the country.A desalination plant in Saudi Arabia. asunder from the problem of water pollution and water shortage, water crisis itself can also be an opportunity, if we look at it from another perspective. It can raise global knowingness and promote global cooperation. Thus it drives globalization.Water crisis is a global issue. It cannot be solved by only the cooperation of a fewer countries full cooperation from countries all around the world is required. Therefore, some world(prenominal) cooperation was established in order to dish countries joining hands to solve water crisis. One of the examples is the founding Water Council.The World Water Council organizes the World Water Forum once every three years. In the forum, representatives from different countries join together and come up with some solutions to solve the water crisis. It includes signing of protocols, reducing pollutants in order to help geographic areas that are facing an immediate water shortage. This can not only help to solve the water crisis, but also create peace among countries.3) Discussion and AnalysisWhat are the benefits of using New Water kinda of local germ water? First, it can solve the problem of water shortage. In Singapore, there is not enough water because there are only a few rivers running through this small country, but it is densely populated. Reused water is usi ng the same amount of water many times, so we can have innumerable water source without worrying being used up. Moreover, using New Water can help protecting the environment. Waste water cause water pollution, which can contaminate fresh water source by using New Water, water can be reused and it will not cause any further pollution.This is beneficial to the environment. Furthermore, New Water can boost tourism. In Singapore, the NEw Water visitors centre is a new attraction. It attracts tourists to visit as it provides opportunities for them to explore Science and learn more about water. Last but not least, New Water can help Singapore to make money, as it can sell this technology to other countries. Some countries, such as, China and Europe has already started using New Water instead, as it is purer than local rootage water. In conclusion, New Water is alternate solution, which can change water pollution and shortage into a profitable opportunity.Now, let us move on to desalina tion. Some people think that although desalination may seem to be a solution to our current water crisis, it has certain potential implications that cause prostitute to our environment. Fossil fuels or nuclear power are used in the majority of desalination plants. The burning of fossil fuels releases a large amount of carbon copy dioxide into the air. The increase in this disastrous greenhouse gas consequently makes global warming worse. Alternatively, but still, nuclear power is dangerous. The radiation leakage in lacquer had spread concerns all over the world. Radiation is carcinogenic. People living near the nuclear power plant had to be relocated. It even made Japanese sea sustenance un-consumable. Besides, the food chain is affected since water and soil is polluted by radiation. Furthermore, membrane-technology is expensive.The production cost of water per meter cube is HK$7.8- HK$8.4. However, the advantages of desalination outweights its costs because it can make water ava ilable to areas that have a scarce supply of fresh water. Why Saudi Arabia needs a lot of desalination plant? It is because it is located in a place where there is short supply of water. With desalination, they can change sea water into fresh water. It provides a reliable and sufficient supply of water to the growing communities, which reduces the crisis of water shortage. More people will have a steady supply of water and lives will be saved. People will no longer die from the lackage of water. The costs of human lives are much more important than the costs of desalination.The cost of desalination is only short-term and it can be solved by using renewable energy instead, such as solar energy and wind power. Also, the cost of desalination will be lowered once it is developed and widely used around the world. To sum up, desalination is another effective way to change water crisis into an opportunity.A affect has two sides. Water crisis does not only bring disadvantages, but it is al so an opportunity for countries to join together and solve this global issue. This can improve international relationships and bring peace to countries.On the one hand, some people may argue that water crisis would not bring any peace to countries, but instead it brings conflicts and chaos. Some research show that as water crisis is getting more and more serious, water source becomes a weapon, and it may be a curse to other countries. Therefore, if one country is located at the upper programme, while the other is located at the lower course, the one at the upper course can control the flow of water.However, the establishments of international organizations help to solve this problem together by promoting the saving of water supply and improvement of technology. This can create communication channels and may help to maintain peace in certain countries. For example, the 6th Water Forum held in Marseille, from 12 to 17 contact 2012 was a great success. Participants from over 145 cou ntries join this event. They discuss global water problems together. Through debates and in-depth dialogue, they were able to know more about water crisis and many stakeholders commit that they would try their best to conserve water in order to help the needy. This shows that water crisis can raise global awareness and promote international cooperation.(+ but piecemeal and suggestion) (favourable risk and insight)4) ConclusionThe water crisis does not have to be devastating. Flipside, there are advantages of it on bringing opportunities to communities, the world and to us. In face with the same problem, people unite and untangle the cluttered yarn of puzzle, mystery and problems. Because of the water crisis, people start organizing Water Forums so that opinions all around are synthesized, analyzed and become a grand solution. Working scientists, assisting each other and aiming at the target, invented ways like the New water and desalination of water.Even the darkest iniquity will e nd. And the sun will rise. There is always a solution to a problem. However, we could not just rely on the technology to solve this problem but we should also help conserving water and raise the global awareness. To solve the problem entirely we must start from its roots. Take a shower instead of a bath. Dont leave the water running when you are brushing your teeth. Switch off any dripping taps. This will also come down your electricity bill and help to build a greener environment where water is plentiful. If we still consume water at a stage like this, we are exploiting resources from our next generations, which doesnt make the planet sustainable. With the cooperation of everybody, we strongly believe that water crisis will definitely change into an opportunity and the world would be a break out place to live in.5) Reference and AppendicesAsias Water Crisisand Opportunity (No.2 2011) Solutions http//solutions.bv.com/asias-water-crisis-and-opportunity/Peak Water Crisis or Opportun ity? (Tuesday, December 1, 2009) Carbon Foresight http//carbonforesight.blogspot.hk/2009/12/peak-water-crisis-or-opportunity.html turn of events Chinas Water Crisis into Investment Opportunity Market Brief Water August 2009, New Ventureshttp//www.new-ventures.org.cn/sites/default/files/upload/turning_chinas_water_crisis_into_investment_opportunity.pdf Who profiting from the water crisis, Issue 452, New Internationalist Magazinehttp//www.newint.org/features/2012/05/01/water-crisis-profit-opportunity/ Singapore National water agencyhttp//www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspxGraphs Fig1 and 2http//www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/quality/Pages/default.aspx How Desalination workshttp//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanology/how-does-desalination-work.htm http//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/desalination.htm Wikipediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DesalinationFdu Magazine online 2003http//www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/03su/desalination.htm lThe World water Councilhttp//www.worldwatercouncil.org/Solving the World Water Crisis Takes International Cooperation, Suite101 http//suite101.com/article/solving-the-world-water-crisis-takes-international-cooperation-a265088

Managerial Economics Essay Example for Free

Managerial political economy EssayChapter 1 Introduction to Managerial Economics4. Describe the importance of the other things have-to doe with assumption in managerial economic analysis.5. Describe what constitutes a trade, distinguish competitive from non-competitive markets, and discuss imperfect markets.6. accent the globalization of markets.NOTES1. Definition. Managerial economics is the science of directing scarce resources to manage embody effectively.2. Application. Managerial economics applies to(a) Businesses (such as decisions in relation to clients including pricing and publicize suppliers competitors or the internal workings of the organization), nonprofit organizations, and households. (b) The old economy and new economy in essentially the identical way except for two characteristic aspects of the new economy the importance of network make and scale and scope economies.i. network effects in shoot the benefit provided by a dish depends on the total number of other users, e.g., when only matchless person had email, she had no one to communicate with, but with 100 mm users on line, the solicit for Internet services mushroomed.ii. scale and scope economies scaleability is the degree to which scale and scope of a business can be ontogenesisd without a corresponding development in costs, e.g., the information in Yahoo is eminently scaleable (the same information can serve 100 as well as 100 mm users) and to serve a larger number of users, Yahoo needs only increase the capacity of its computers and links.iii. Note the term open technology (of the Internet) refers to the relatively let off admission of developers of content and applications. (c) twain global and local markets.3. Scope.(a) Microeconomics the study of individual economic behavior where resources are costly, e.g., how consumers respond to changes in prices and income, how businesses decide on habit and sales, voters behavior and setting of tax policy.(b) Managerial ec onomies the application of microeconomics to managerial issues (a scope more limited than microeconomics).(c) Macroeconomics the study of aggregate economic varyings directly (as opposed to the assemblage of individual consumers and businesses), e.g., issues relating to interest and exchange rates, inflation, unemployment, import and export policies.2Chapter 1 Introduction to Managerial Economics4. Methodology.(a) Fundamental premise economic behavior is opinionated and therefore canbe studied. Systematic economic behavior manner individuals share common motivations and behave systematically in making economic choices, i.e, a person who faces the same choices at two different times will behave in the same way some(prenominal) times.(b) Economic mould a concise description of behavior and outcomes i. focuses on particular issues and key variables (e.g., price, salary), omits considerable information, hence unrealistic at timesii. constructed by inductive reasoningiii. to b e tested with empirical data and revised as appropriate. 5. Basic concepts.(a) Margin vis a vis average variables in managerial economics analyses. i. marginal value of a variable the change in the variable associated with a unit increase in a driver, e.g., amount earned by working one more hourii. average value of a variable the total value of the variable divided by the total quantity of a driver, e.g., total make up divided by total no. of hours workediii. driver the independent variable, e.g., no. of hours worked iv. the marginal value of a variable whitethorn be less that, equal to, or greater than the average value, depending on whether the marginal value is decreasing, constant or increasing with respect to the driver v. if the marginal value of a variable is greater than its average value, the average value increases, and vice versa.(b) Stocks and f scummys.i. post the quantity at a specific point in time, measured in units of the item, e.g., items on a balance sheet ( assets and liabilities), the worlds oil reserves in the beginning of a yearii. Flow the change in stock over some period of time, measured in units per time period e.g., items on an income statement (receipts and expenses), the worlds current production of oil per day.(c) prop other things equal the assumption that all other relevantfactors do not change, and is made so that changes due to the factor being studied whitethorn be examined independently of those other factors. Having analysed the effects of each factor, they can be put together for the complete picture. 6. Organizational boundaries.(a) Organizations include businesses, non-profits and households. (b) Vertical boundaries delineate activities adjacent to or further from the end user. (c) Horizontal boundaries relate to economies of scale (rate of production or delivery of a good or service) and scope (range of different items produced or delivered).3Chapter 1 Introduction to Managerial Economics(d) Organizations wh ich are members of the same industry may pack different vertical and horizontal boundaries.7. Competitive markets.(a) Markets.i. a market consists of buyers and sellers that communicate with one another for voluntary exchange. It is not limited by physical structure. ii. in markets for consumer products, the buyers are households and sellers are businesses.iii. in markets for industrial products, both buyers and sellers are businesses.iv. in markets for human resources, buyers are businesses and sellers are households.v. Note an industry is made up of businesses engaged in the production or delivery of the same or similar items.(b) Competitive markets.i. markets with many buyers and many sellers, where buyers provide the demand and sellers provide the supply, e.g., the silver market. ii. the demand-supply model basic starting point of managerial economics, the model describes the systematic effect of changes in prices and othereconomic variables on buyers and sellers, and the inte raction of these choices.(c) Non-competitive markets a market in which market fountain exists. 8. Market indicant.(a) Market power the ability of a buyer or seller to influence market conditions. A seller with market power will have the freedom to choose suppliers, set prices and influence demand.(b) Businesses with market power, whether buyers or sellers, still need to understand and manage their costs.(c) In addition to managing costs, sellers with market power need to manage their demand through price, advertising, and policy toward competitors. 9. Imperfect Market.(a) Imperfect market where one party directly conveys a benefit or cost to others, or where one party has break away information than others. (b) The challenge is to resolve the imperfection and be cost-effective. (c) Imperfections can also arise within an organization, and hence, another issue in managerial economics is how to structure incentives and organizations. 10. Local vis a vis global markets.(a) Local markets owing to relatively high costs of communication and trade, some markets are local, e.g., housing, groceries. The price in one local market is independent of prices in other local markets.4Chapter 1 Introduction to Managerial Economics(b) Global markets owing to relatively low costs of communication and trade, some markets are global, e.g., mining, shipping, financial services. The price of an item with a global market in one place will blend together with the pries elsewhere.(c) Whether a market is local or global, the same managerial economic principles apply.(d) Note Falling costs of communication and trade are do more markets to be more integrated across geographical border enabling the opportunity to sell in new markets as well as global sourcing. Foreign sources may provide cheaper skilled labor, specialized resources, or superior quality, resulting in lower production costs and/or improved quality.ANSWERS TO reach CHECKS1A. The managerial economics of the new eco nomy is much the same as that of the old economy with two aspects being more important network effects in demand and scale and scope economies.1B. Vertical boundaries delineate activities closer to or further from the end user. Horizontal boundaries define the scale and scope of operations. ANSWERS TO follow QUESTIONS1. Marketing over the Internet is a scaleable activity. Delivery through UPS is somewhat scaleable UPS already incurs the fixed cost of an international collection and distribution network it may be willing to give Amazon bulk discounts for larger volumes of business.2. Number of cars in service January 2002 + production + imports exports scrappage during 2002 = Number of cars in service January 2003. Number of cars in service is stock other variables are flows.3. omitted.4. No, models must be less than completely realistic to be useful. 5. (a) Average price per minute = (210 + 120 x 4)/5 = 138 yen per minute. (b) Price of marginal minute = 120 yen.6. (a) Flow (b) S tock (c) Stock.5Chapter 1 Introduction to Managerial Economics7. (a) The electricity market includes buyers and sellers. (b) industry consists of sellers only.Theelectricity8. (a) False. (b) False.9. omitted.10. If there are scale economies, the organization could product at a lower cost on a larger scale, which means wider horizontal boundaries and vice versa. 11. Yes. Horizontal boundaries how many product categories should it sell? Vertical boundaries should it operate its own warehouses and delivery service? 12. Intel has relatively more market power.13. (b).14. Both (a) and (b).15. Competitive markets have large numbers of buyers and sellers, none of which can influence market conditions. By contrast, a buyer or seller with market power can influence market conditions. A market is imperfect if one party directly conveys benefits or costs to others, or if one party has better information than another. WORKED ANSWER TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONJupiter Car Rental offers two schemes for rental of a compact car. It claps $60 per day for an unlimited mileage plan, and $40 per day for a time-and-mileage plan with 100 free miles plus 20 cents a mile for mileage in excess of the free allowance. a. For a guest who plans to drive 50 miles, which is the cheaper plan. What are the average and marginal costs per mile of rental? (The marginal cost is the cost of an additional mile of usage.)b. For a customer who plans to drive 150 miles, which is the cheaper plan. What are the average and marginal costs per mile of rental?c. If Jupiter raises the basic charge for the time-and-mileage plan to $44 per day, how would that affect the average and marginal costs for a customer who drives 50 miles?6Chapter 1 Introduction to Managerial EconomicsAnswer(a) It is helpful to sketch the total rental cost as a function of the mileage (see figure below). The breakeven between the two plans is at 200 miles per day. For 50 miles, the time-and-mileage plan is cheaper. Average cost = $40/50 = 80 cents per mile. Marginal cost = 0.Total cost ($)time-and-mileage planunlimited mileage plan$60$400100200measure (miles per day)(b) For the 150 mile customer, the time-and-mileage plan is still cheaper. Average cost = $(40 + 0.2 x 50)/150 = 33 cents per mile marginal cost = 20 cents per mile.(c) After the increase in the basic charge, the average cost = $(44 + 0.2 x 50)/150 = 36 cents per mile, while marginal cost = 20 cents per mile. The increase in the basic charge doesnt affect the marginal cost.7

Theories of Female Victimisation

Theories of Female VictimisationIn to mean solar days society crime is a constant. People that ar swell have a go at it, to muckle that no one has ever heard of glow victim to felon activity on a daily basis. in that location has to be a reason why these things happen so often. Victim precipitation surmisal holds that the victim is the contri anding fact of their victimization. Wowork force, especially, digest profess themselves available to criminals and kindle effortlessly become easy tar give rises. In a sense, every victim contri savees to their own victimization in one way or another(prenominal).Crime is very unmingled in our prevalent lives. It awaits as though the average Ameri earth-closet ignorenot go a day with pop out hearing about another atrocious crime that has happened in their companionship. According to the US De leave handst of Justice, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, violent crimes accounted for 1,254,358 of the crimes set upted in 2009. There be musical compositiony variant types of offenses that can be classified as a crime. The FBI, in its annual Crime in the United States report, publishes data for serious crimes in the Crime Index. The Index includes murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. All of these crimes happen frequently to Americans, some reports show that some even happen on a minute to minute basis.Victims of crimes argon those that argon affected by the outcome of a crime that has been committed these can include the immemorial victim, the secondary victims, and related victims. A whole community can be affected by honorable one crime. It is very plebeian to know someone who has been the victim of a crime, especially in todays society. galore(postnominal) people may buzz off empathy for these people and often speculate how something like this could restrain happened to a person, as many victims wonder the same thing.A primary victim is someone within the range of foreseeable physical injury, typically a participant in the accident damages are recoverable for psychiatric injury as for physical injury, even if no physical injury has occurred. Secondary victims are those outside the range of foreseeable physical injury, such as witnesses or relatives of the accident victims. A related victim is a person who is a close family member, or a dependant, of a primary victim who has died as a direct result of an act of violence be committed against them. (www. only whenice.qld.gov) As you can see, when an offender commits a crime against one person, the primary victim, it can lead to domino effect. There can many victims for one crime.There are many theories on why crimes happen and why people fall victim to them. Some think that beingness victimized is save a matter of opportunity, that particular person that became a victim to a crime was just in the persecute push through at the wrong snip. Shouldnt pe ople this day in age be smart enough to where the wrong place is and what the wrong time is? Some people theorize just that. People should know the difference in right and wrong, and they should use their brains as to decide the difference. One speculation that upholds these opinions is the victim precipitation theory. As in, the victim participated, in some way, to their own victimization. Victim precipitation theory views victimology from the standpoint that the victim themselves may actually initiate, either passively or actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to death or injury. (www.associatedcontent.com) If a victim passively initiates in their own victimization, they unknowingly do so. On the other hand, if a victim has an active role in their victimization, they might bemuse consciously made the decision to do by either agitative or instigating the crime that occurred. Either way, the victim precipitation theory blames the victim for their role in their victimiza tion.Job promotions, job status, successes, love interests, and the like are examples of these unconscious behaviors and characteristics of passive precipitation. Additionally, political activists, minority groups, those of different sexual orientations, and other individuals pursuing alternate lifestyles may also find themselves as targets of violence cod to the inadvertent threat they pose to accredited individuals of power. Active victimization occurs under this theory through the threatening or provocative actions of the victim. One of the approximately controversial points of this theory is the idea that women who are raped actively contributed in some way, either through provocative invest, a relationship, or suggested consent of intimacy. Because of this viewpoint it is hard to censure an accused rapist who has had some form of relationship with the accused, or one that was behaving provocatively or suggestively. (www.associatedcontent.com)Generally speaking, there are two victims of crime men and women. Some people still view women as the inferior sex, even in the 21st century. Even though men and women are both nonimmune to crime, women are 8 to 10 times much likely to fall victim to rape and spousal evil. A select few still grok women as weak and not having the ability to think for themselves. Let every Man (in particular) be asked his thoughts of women and he will tell you without doubt, that they were not made but for man they are fit for nothing, but to nurse and breed little children in their low age and to mind the house. (www.users.muohio.edu) Men, on the other hand, are considered to be the protectors of their home and are the ones that excite the education to speak openly. Many times this can be a reason to why some men commit crimes against women a male offender may say that a woman was out of place by speaking her mind, or doing other things that may seem normal to other people in todays society, so he felt that he had to do som ething about it. Even though these views seem dated, there are still many men, and women, that think this way.Because of the way that women are viewed it can make them an easy target for some offenders. Many rapists still believe that women should deviate to a man, when he wants her to, and fear him for the things that he may do to her is she does give in easily. Men rapist usually stick out the need to punish, humiliate, dominate, overpower, and control their victim. Most of the time a rapist does not see their action as them doing anything wrong, and they do not even consider the feelings of their victim. Women are also more susceptible to scams than men are. People often use emotions to their advantage when they are trying to con someone, be it for money or a place to live. Women are known to be emotional beings because they are made to produce children and be motherly. People all over America, and neighboring countries, use email scams, mail fraud, or even just random telephon e cons in order to receive money and other goods and services.An email scam can be randomized and sent out in to multiple inboxes at one time. People from other countries can collect email addresses from sites in which people sign up for updates about their favorite cookbooks or even pornographic websites. Either way, these scams can create dangerous situations. There is a scam known as the Grandparent Scam. This scam entails someone choosing a function out of the phonebook and if an elderly woman answers the person on the other end simply says, Grandma, is that you?, when the woman answers yes, the scam begins. The person basically tells their grandmother that they have gotten into some kind of trouble and are in need of money and asks her to Western Union the money to them. Without a question the grandmother sends the person the communicate funds and doesnt even realized that they have been conned. Who wouldnt help their grandchild that was in need? Feelings are often used again st women in this all of the time. Without delay a most women would help a person in need because it seemed like the right thing to do, and before their very eyes, that have fallen victim to another scam. usurpation that occurs on dates or between people who know each other should not be seen as some sort of misguided sexual seek Rape is violence, not seduction. In stranger rape and acquaintance rape, the aggressor makes a decision to force his victim to submit to what he wants. The rapist believes he is entitled to force sexual intercourse from a woman and he sees interpersonal violence (be it simply holding the woman down with his body or brandishing a gun) as an acceptable way to achieve his goal. (Warshaw, 1988, pg.20) In 2005, 1,181 women were murdered by an intimate partner. Thats an average of three women every day. Of all the women murdered in the U.S., about one-third were killed by an intimate partner. (www.ojp.usdoj.gov) One- third of women killed in 2005 actually knew th eir attackers, which is an alarming judge. Victim precipitation theory holds that some women are subjected to this violence because they have brought it upon themselves. A mixture of body image, the way a women dresses, where a women hangs out, and the company that she keeps can attribute to her own victimization.Dissatisfaction with ones physical appearance can lead to a negative body image. (Lankford, 2010, pg.13) A womans negative perception of herself-importance can lead to her to making poor life decisions. How a woman perceives herself can affect her everyday life, such as, her career, family life, and finances. Women that do not think naughtyly of themselves tend to think that they do not deserve to be truly happy. Having a low self-pride can cause a person to become depressed. Depression can lead to a number of self mutilating problems, such as, drug use, alcoholism, and eating disorders. (Wolff, 1999, pg.18) If a woman thinks that she may neer be able to find a husband, lad, or partner she may become licentious. Some of these women may think that if a man takes them out or was nice to them, that they are obliged to say yes to sex afterwards. Women with this condition may become an easy target, and they may even submit to an attacker.The way a woman dresses can contribute to the type of lifestyle that they live. We, as a society, know how many different people in different professions dress. A police man wear a blue uniform, a person in the military wears BDUs, and a prostitute wears a short dress and a low cut shirt. The way women dress is routinely cited as an encouragement to rape the argument is that if a woman is dressed a certain way, past they were asking, or even inviting, a potential rapist to attack them. References to sheer and clinging fabrics, low-slung jeans and low-cut tops, bare midriffs, short skirts and liberally applied make-up are common in the context of rape trials. (www.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co.uk) A common confide nce is that if a woman wears revealing clothing they are considered to be either a whore or a prostitute. Prostitution is illegal in all states, but one, in the United States. About 80% of women in prostitution have been the victim of a rape. Prostitutes are raped, on the average, eight to ten times per year. They are the most raped class of women in the history of our planet. ( Hunter and Reed, 1990)Where a person lives can say a lot about them. If a person lives in project housing then we know that they are financially stable, if a person lives in a big house in a great(p) neighborhood then we know that they have the resources to do so. statistically speaking, the crime rate is high in depress income neighborhoods than it would be in higher income neighborhoods. In theory, individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices which expose them to criminal offenders and situations in which crimes may be committed. If a woman lives in a lower income neighborhood or in known t o venture in these types of places, they are subjecting themselves to become a victim of crime. The correlation between victims and the perpetrators of crimes is that they both exhibit impulsive and antisocial-like behaviors. These behaviors may contribute to their victimization since they cause the individual to put themselves at risk more so then more conservative lifestyle counterparts. (www.associatedcontent.com) In a nutshell, if a neighborhood is deviant, the only way to lower a persons risk of victimization is for them to take leave the neighborhood for a less deviant, low crime rate area.Drug use is more common in lower income neighborhoods. People who use drugs put themselves in dangerous situations every day. People who commit crimes, as drug use and distribution is a crime, are more abandoned to become victims because they are compound in precarious conditions. Those who choose high-risk lifestyles which include taking drugs, drinking, and participating in criminal act ivities run a much higher risk of becoming victims. (www.associatedcontent.com) If a woman is a drug runner, or is just purchasing drugs for personal use, she may be involved in situations where other women are being prostituted out. If a woman gets desperate enough, then she may start doing the same thing in order to get money to purchase more drugs. Women are much more frequently involved in prostitution to fund drugs habits than men. What exacerbates the danger to these women is the powerlessness they survive due to their intense need for drugs and severe poverty. Because many men seek out dangerous sexual services from drug- addicted prostitutes, they are at a great risk. (Egendorf, 2003, pg.98)The factors previously mentioned are palpable. Most of the time the average person can identify a prostitute or a continuous drug user, but what about women that contribute to their own victimization in less obvious ways? Women who stay in violent relationships, their sexual orientation, walking down a street at night by themselves, or just being simply in like manner nice are way a woman can contribute to being victimized and they do not even know that they are doing so. Woman need to prepare themselves for being victimized if they are making themselves an easy target.Women who stay in violent relationships, be it with a man or a women, contribute to their own victimization every day that they are with their abusive partner. Relationship abuse can include, but is not limited to, physical, mental, verbal, and emotional abuse. Some women may not even recognize that they are being abused at the time it is occurring. A woman may assume that they cannot do any better than the person they are with, and that it why they continue to be in a relationship with them, this can stem back to having self-esteem and being depressed about ones self. It is sad to know that most women cannot get out abuse relationships until it is too late for them to do so. There is a rising numbe r of women being abused to a point to where they end up being murdered, and most of the time it is by an intimate partner.Physical abuse is defined as any behavior that inflicts harm on a person. (White, 2001, pg.14) Physical abuse can include hitting, shoving, biting, throwing objects at a person to inflict harm, and even sexual abuse. Every year, domestic violence results in or so 100,000 days of hospitalizations, almost 30,000 emergency department visits, and almost 40,000 visits to a physician. (American Medical Association, 1991) cozy abuse can fall under many different categories at one time, such as physical and mental abuse. An abuser can make a woman feel that it is their duty to have sex with their husband or boyfriend by saying If you loved me you would, if the abuser makes a woman think that he will not love her if she does not provide him with sexual favors, then he is sexually and mentally abusing her.Mental and emotional abuse go hand in hand. Mental abuse is someti mes referred to as psychological or emotional abuse. Mental abuse is the intentional infliction of anguish, degradation, fear, or distress. Mental and emotional abuse can be used to brainwash someone into view that they are wrong if they leave an abuser. A mental abuser can be very distant from their partner at times, but if the woman decides to leave them, then they become very distraught with loving emotions. A woman may feel as if they are walking on egg shells well-nigh their partner, because they do not want them to become upset and argue with them. Fear is not part of a loving relationship, but it is a vital part of a mentally abusive relationship. It enables the abuser to maintain control over a woman. (http//ezinearticles.com)A woman who stays in a violent relationship can actually set themselves up for more victimization if their children are witnessing the abuse. Children who enkindle seeing a man abuse their mother will get up up and think that this type of treatment i s acceptable. If the mother does eventually remove herself and her children from an abusive relationship, the abuse could continue to live through her children. Children who grow up in violent homes are at higher risk for substance abuse and juvenile delinquency, bear emotional scars, as well as feelings of insecurity, guilt, and isolation, often experience difficulties in school such as inattentiveness, learning disabilities, and stress-related physical problems, fail to develop the experience they need to enter into healthy relationships as adults, and often grow up with low self-esteem and become easy victims of verbal and physical abuse. (www.heartlyhouse.org)Although we are now in the 21st century, it is still common to find people who do not agree with sexual orientations other than heterosexual relationships. People that participate in same sex relationships are at a higher risk for having hate crimes and hostility committed against them. There are people in America that suff er from homophobia and heterosexism. Homophobia is the unreasonable fear or disdain from of homosexuals and/or homosexuality. At its most extreme, homophobia is expressed through physical violence, including rape and murder. Heterosexism is the assumption that heterosexuality is the only form of sexual identity and family life. Although less stigmatizing than overt homophobia, the assumption of heterosexuality can alienate lesbians in mainstream institutions, including health care settings. (Liebschutz, 2003, pg.238)Yet another way that a woman can increase her chances of becoming a victim is not reporting a crime or violent act. Some women seem to be embarrassed that they were victimized in the first place, so they fail to report a crime that has occurred. When a woman does not report a crime that has been committed against her she increases her chances of being victimized again, she also leaves the gate opened for another woman to be victimized. Since there was no reason to detai n the criminal that committed the act, that person is still roaming free to commit another a horrendous crime and the abutting time it may be the initial victims neighbor, friend, or even her own daughter.A woman that is nave to situations in todays society can also put herself at a higher risk of becoming victimized. It is obvious that more and more people in this day in age are becoming victims of crime. If a woman were to walk down a low lit at night, by herself, in an sullen neighborhood there is no telling what gang or rapist might see her, or what they might do to her. Woman who make it common knowledge that they live by themselves are also at a higher risk. Situations like this happen all of the time, which is one of the reasons why crime rate is so high in certain parts of the United States. Woman are victimized, in this case, by just being in the wrong place at the wrong time. If a woman were to tell a stranger that she lives by herself, then that stranger could easily fo llow her home and victimize her. It is that simple. Women have to take certain defensive precautions in order to not become a victim.There are cases where a person can be too nice. In todays society people tend to lose sight of morals to use to be upheld. There are more scams and cons than ever. A woman could just think that they are beginning nice to a stranger and not even know that person is really a rapist or murderer. There is a difference in being nice and being too nice. People tend to take advantage of people that do not have the ability to say no. If a woman works all day long and picks up her co-workers slack, and then comes home and complains that she is wore out, whose fault is it really? existence too nice, or vulnerable, can sometimes stab a woman in their back. Although it is nice to see a friendly face, a woman should never invite a stranger to come to her home where she lives by herself. This is one of the reasons that more and more people are becoming reluctant to help someone, because a person can never know what a stranger, or even someone they know, is capable of behind closed doors.The biggest way a woman can contribute to their own victimization is to think that it will not happen to them. Women who feel that they will never be attacked are the ones that get raped, kidnapped, murdered, or burglarized. The error that they make is not being prepared. Violent crimes happen to normal people every day. Why should it not happen to the girl next door, or the woman from two towns over? To offenders, they are all the same. Offenders do not care if the woman they are attacking is a mother, sister, or wife. This might even make them feel as if that particular woman is more classic and they have a more valuable thing to take away from someone. Women need to be educated to become more sufficient in protecting themselves. A way that a woman can prevent serious victimization is to ceaselessly be prepared. In todays society a person can never know w hat is lurking around the next corner waiting to pounce on their next victim that will fall prey. When a woman is too arrogant about criminal activity, they make themselves an easy target.Some other ways that a woman could protect herself from becoming a victim is having the knowledge to know the different types of offenders. Some offenders victimize people out or pure self satisfaction, others offend in order to provide for their families. Multiple offenders have the knowledge to know how to get the act committed, since they have not been caught thus far, they think that they know what they are doing and how to get away with it. On the other hand, first time offenders could be easier to negotiate with and may easily feel sorry for their victims.When a man approaches a woman in a dimly lit parking lot and asks for her keys and her wallet, the best thing that woman can do cooperate with that person. If a woman was being robbed at gun point and did cooperate with the person committing the offense, then that person could easily shot the woman and take what they want. The most important thing is that a woman educates herself with the knowledge of know when to fight and when to do as the offender asks. Staying calm can produce better results for these types of situations. No genuine possession is worse losing their life for. Along with emotional, woman tend to materialistic. If approached by a stranger that asked for her jewelry, a woman might hesitate. Even the ring that her great-great-grandmother gave her would not be an acceptable reason to lose her life.The mental capacity of an offender can have an effect on how they will respond to ways their victim reacts to their actions. If a person holds the mental capacity of a 3rd grader they are liable to respond in different ways than an offender with a high I.Q. would. The problem with offenders with low mental capacities is that they could easily commit an offense because they do not know any better. Knowing the d ifferent situations that woman could find herself in, could be the difference in her surviving victimization. Knowledge is power to women that have no choice but to live in lower income neighborhoods that are surrounded by frequent drug use and violent crimes.The victim precipitation theory upholds that it is the victims fault that they became victimized in the first place. From a woman wearing a low cut shirt to a woman walking down a street late at night by herself, there is a reason that woman was victimized from the start. A woman can knowingly or passively contribute to her own victimization. Bad life decisions, staying in a violent relationship, and even a womans sexual orientation can contribute to her victimization. Criminals seek out women who make easy targets. Prostitutes and drug users are more prone to get raped and used for sexual favors. Women who make themselves available to crime are more likely to be victims of crime. Women should use common knowledge in order to s tay safe and protect themselves. Overall, crime is a rising scenario in todays society. Crime can happen to an everyday average person in the blink of an eye. There are ways to prevent becoming victimized.SourcesSusan Kay Hunter and K.C. Reed, July, 1990 Taking the side of bought and sold rape, speech at National Coalition against Sexual Assault, Washington, D.C.Psychiatric injury primary victims, secondary victims, Page v Smith, Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police http//law.jrank.org/pages/16981/psychiatric-injury.htmlixzz16jdchKYW onlineAmerican Medical Association. 5 issues American Health. Chicago 1991White, Katherine (2001) Relationship Violence, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.Egendorf, Laura K. (2003) Chemical Dependency, Thomson- Galewww.associatedcontent.com The Four Theories of Victimization onlineLankford, Ronald D, Jr. (2010) Body Image, Gale, Cengage LearningWarshaw, Robin (1988) I Never Called It Rape, Harper and Rowwww.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co. uk This Is not An Invitation To Rape Me onlineWolff, Lisa (1999) Teen Depression, Lucent Books, Inc.Liebschutz, Jane M. (2003) Violence Against Women, American College of Physicianswww.heartlyhouse.org Children From An Abusive Home online

Theory of human motivation

Theory of homo motifAbraham MaslowAbraham Maslow is considered one of the most influential psychologists of 19th century, and one of the leading authorities in clementistic psychology. humane psychological science is a branch of psychology with focus on human bearing. Besides the Theory of Human Motivation domesticate that put him in limelight, he had authored different famous work in the field of psychology. Some of his other writings ar, Eupsychian Management, psychology of science and Motivation and Personality (Hoffman, 1990).In 1967 due to the influence that his work on surmise of human pauperism had in the field of psychology he was awarded the title Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist stand (Hoffman, 1990). At the height of his c areer Abraham Maslow served in various professional capacities. He was a senior lecturer at Brooklyn College in the faculty of psychology. He was a professor and the chairman at Brandeis University in the department of psychology for almost two decades since 1951. At the time of his death in 1970 he was a sonny at the Laughlin Institute (Hoffman, 1990).But the legacy that Abraham Maslow left behind will certainly outlive him. To daylight his work on Hierarchy of Needs as contained in possibleness of human motivation is taught worldwide in classrooms and his name is synonymous with Hierarchy of Needs. Indeed the concepts on Theory of Human Motivation and causation structure of call for as he defined them are no longer limited to the field of psychology but are increasingly being include in galore(postnominal) other varied disciplines.During the time that he was a lecturer at Brooklyn College Abraham Maslow ideas on human behaviors were influenced by fellow psychologist in the comparable college (Hoffman, 1990).But it was non until when he become the professor at Brandeis University that Abraham Maslow finally was able to draft the idea behind possibility of human motivation. It was while at Brandeis Un iversity that Abraham Maslow met Kurt Goldstein. Kurt Goldstein had innovative the concept of self actualization which he had earlier published in a book called Organism (Hoffman, 1990). It is this concept that had formed the cloth of theory of motivation that Abraham Maslow was researching on (Hoffman, 1990).In 1943 Theory of Human Motivation was first published in the Psychological review journal. Later he would write several(prenominal) other books based on the theory much(prenominal) as, Towards a Psychological of Being and the Further Reaches of Human Nature (Hoffman, 1990).. Abraham Maslows Theory of Motivation provided a precious insight to human inevitably requirement level that had previously not been studied. More importantly his research work was on psychology field of human behavior that over the years had not generated new ideas. The Theory of Human Motivation presented a fresh approach on which human behavior was studied.The power of Maslows Theory of Human Motiva tion was its simplicity and relevance. Maslow used a diagram to demonstrate the various levels of human needs that was explained in his theory which he referred as hierarchy of needs (Hoffman, 1990). The result was a concise framework that outlined a individuals need and importance at each stage of flavor. These needs are defined as, Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization (Hoffman, 1990).Physiological needs are the first and the most important that a person requires such(prenominal) as food, shelter and clothes but are not limited to this. They are those needs that must be met for life to be bearable.Safety needs are those that come later on physiological needs. They include such requirements such as job satisfaction, security and financial freedom. The safety needs are in two parts that which satisfy the physical and which satisfy emotional needs (Hoffman, 1990). After safety needs comes social needs which are entirely emotional. In this category a person needs are friendships, love among others, and for some reason at this level these needs are important to a person. because esteem needs comes there aft(prenominal), they are the likes of social status, self respect, recognition, and accomplishment, this category too serves to fulfill the emotional requirements. The last level in hierarchy of need is self-actualization which comes after all the other needs do been met. In this level a person seeks to have wisdom instead of knowledge, questions the meaning of life and values such as truth and justice are central to his life. This is the highest and the last category of emotional needs (Hoffman, 1990).That is all there is to it to the theory of motivation as researched and advanced by Abraham Maslow in summary. However the impact and implications of Maslows theory of human motivation were far and wide. Today theory of Human motivations is employ in so many sectors and disciplines worldwide to influence human b ehavior (Deckers, 2009). Not to mention that it is now a major discipline and an area of study used by teachers to run skills to future professionals so that they can use the same theory in ramble to better manage people. The beauty behind theory of human motivation is in its cogency to clearly articulate the various level of human need with key specific needs at each level. This way the ability to influence behavior, through motivation for instance has been simplified to a great dealMotivational speakers use this concept to change nerveal behavior in a work place. A motivational talk is a profession that has recently come up to address the challenges faced by modern day organizations. The purpose of a motivation speaker in an organization is to motivate positive behavior change among the employees. The need to motivate and positively change employee behavior has increasingly becoming an issue of interest to the organizational leaders for two important reasons.Foremost employee motivation will increase work productivity and and then overall organization productivity, besides a motivated employee grasps job satisfaction and is likely to stay on the job for long time. This is important for the organization since it reduces the enlisting and training costs that are usually associated with high rate of employee turnover. Number two, motivation talks is important in changing the organization culture. In order to change organizational culture employee behavior must be influenced positively.Maslow theory of motivation has enabled these requirements to be met in a work place (Deckers, 2009). This is because a motivational speaker is able to use the hierarchy of needs to determine which needs are key to influencing positive behavior change. Since motivation is rooted to a person requirement change in personal needs will also result in change of motivation levels. Therefore an organization is able to achieve it needs and the need of employee at the same time.Anoth er area that Maslows theory of human motivation is applied is in leading management. An organizational leader needs to be able to effectively motivate employees at work place beside directing and managing the employee. Indeed employee motivation is now central to organization success and leadership roles.The need of having motivated employee at work place is one of paramount importance. In modern day organization setup employee motivation is an achievement that organization actively supports for it to remain competitive and productive. Managers are aware of this and use the Maslow theory of human motivation, indeed numerous management books has been written on motivation at workplace. The organizational motivation publications authors interpret Maslows human motivation theory in context of work place environment (Deckers, 2009).But Maslows theory for human motivation is not only limited in organizations employees motivation. In psychology the idea of human motivation has been advan ced by several other psychologists using the theory as a baseline to their studies. One such study was done by Carl Rogers, a psychologist who developed a therapeutic psychological process of treating mentally disturbed persons. The ideology behind the Client-centered Therapy was borrowed from the human motivation concept (Hoffman, 1990). Treatment is enabled through a process that guides the patients to identify important personal requirement by removing mental obstacles that prevent this achievement.Hierarchy of needs is an important tool that a person can use to assess the point at which a persons life has reached. This is important in guiding an individual to the path of happiness and satisfaction since a person will be able to assess the needs that are most important at each level (Valdez, 1998). Maslows other works on field of humanistic psychology actually touches on personal happiness. In his description of Peak Experiences Maslow explains that for this to occur a person mus t achieve the self-actualization stage of life (Valdez, 1998).Peak Experiences refers to particular moments of time when a person experiences rare sense of happiness, peace, fulfillment and satisfaction in life.For years basic needs have been defined in three levels only but now after Maslows hierarchy of needs the correct context in which a person needs occurs have finally been discovered. Other new publications and research on human motivations have improved upon the concepts on which Maslow based his publications. As years go by Maslow theory of human Motivation will continue to be astray read and adopted in a range of other new upcoming disciplines.Maslow theory of human motivations like other scientific research inventions did not escape criticism from fellow scholars. Indeed it is more likely that theory of human motivations had it limitations, as Abraham Maslow once concurred that the theory was only meant to form a framework for which other studies should be done to improv e upon it (Hoffman, 1990). Among the criticism that is had been directed to this theory is its inability to explain and define hierarchy of needs for particular religious believers. They have no material wealth, no sense of security and esteem needs, or social needs yet they are able to attain the self-conceptualization level (Hoffman, 1990).Maslows theory is certainly not able to address this concern. Another criticism also directed towards the theory is one that concerned the research procedure that Maslow used to arrive at the ideology. Most scientists agree that Maslow used a proportionally small case numbers to generate the research model that he later applied to a whole race of people worldwide. Having said that for the most part Maslows theory is effective and certainly relates to most people and there are real few instances that are exceptionalReferencesDeckers, L. (2009). Motivation. Washington, DC Lambert Deckers Publishers.Hoffman, E. (1990). The Right to be Human a Biog raphy of Abraham Maslow. Florida JohnWiley Sons IncValdez, J. (1998). Self Actualization Through Humanistic Theories. Virginia PenguinPublishers.

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy

compulsive and Voluntary Voting Policies in DemocracyThe indemnify to a free and fair ballot is a staple in the parliamentary process. However, in that location is debate over whether or not this process is beat implemented when the population has the choice to engage in the policy-making system or whether or not it should be mandated.1 Many community claim that the lift out system to follow is the hotshot that they are a part of, however in countries where different voting policies are implemented there is empirical selective information that can be used to determine whether peremptory voting or voluntary voting produces better results and whether it tends to lift the theatrical role of democracy. Yet many pack impart still argue that just analyzing empirical data is not enough to determine whether or not irresponsible voting more than egalitarian due to intrinsic reasons. Both of these approaches make it difficult to discern whether or not needed voting is more democratically favourable however upon epitome of the two different voting systems, I have found that the arguments that oppose compulsory voting are not substantive enough to discredit the severalize as to why it does improve upon the essence of democracy. That is why in this essay I argue that compulsory voting does compound the quality of democracy.What does it mean to enhance the quality of democracy and what is the importance of determining how to advance it? Democracy, at its most basic definition, means the rule by the people. When analyzing the quality of democracy of a invoke, what is world analyzed is how well the citizens of that state (the people) are represented in the policies that are passed. If the democratic representatives of the government pass laws that a majority of the people in the state do not want, then the quality of democracy is poor. It is not the people that are ruling in this case, but rather the elite few. The issue of compulsory versus voluntary v oting is a very relevant issue in todays day and age because a lot of people are disenfranchised by politics. People lose faith in their political system because they feel like they are not being represented. This in turn leads to a slight politically prompt order which is not concerned by the issues that affect them and then often times their lives are made worsened due to their want of input in the policies that are passed. This circular downwards spiral further alienates people and future voters, demonstrating the need for maximizing representation in democratic political systems. The quality of the system cannot be improved until the people are represented to the nations fullest potential.When analyzing which voting system would be the best to implement in order to enhance democracy, it is important to evaluate societies where these different voting styles are implemented. The American voting system is an ideal case study when considering the effects of voluntary voting. The United States and its citizens superbia themselves on being a shining example of freedom and democracy. To many people across the world, it has become synonymous with the idea of a perfect democratic system which all other nations strive to achieve. However statistically, the vast majority of citizens in the United States are very poorly represented by their democratic government2. For example, a study done by Princeton and Northwestern Universities found that on economic policies, the policy preferences of the average citizen only get implemented less than 20% of the time while the policies preferred by business interests and economic elites are implemented the vast majority of the time, demonstrating how the median citizen or median voter at the heart of theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy does not do well when put up against economic elites and organized interest groups3. This in turn leads to the main soil with the voluntary voting system. People refuse to be involve d in the democratic process because they lose faith in their representatives. This in turn leads to worse social and economic situations for the majority of citizens in the state. The United States is a prime example of this. The United States has a relatively low election trailer truck rate, rank 22nd in the modern world.4 The United States is also has the highest total global personal wealth yet 80.56% of that wealth resides among the top few.5 In fact, more than collar quarters of all Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck.6 With a voluntary voting system, the American government tends to leave the people behind in favour thumping money interests. A defining argument in favour of compulsory voting is that compulsory voting will alleviate the socio-economic inequalities in a society because if everyone voices which policies they want to see implemented into their law, then the politicians will be severely pressured into pushing for those policies if they wish to stay take, and hence policies that benefit the majority of the people will be implemented.7 Americans and others who believe in that voluntary voting is more beneficial than compulsory voting will refute this claim by stating that if you force non-politically active citizens to vote, you cannot infer that they will vote in their own interests because they would not have a good understanding on who to vote for to implement their ideas.8 They claim that people who would stay home and not vote in a voluntary system would just vote arbitrarily in a compulsory system. The disfigurement with this objection is that it assumes that everyone who doesnt vote does so because they have absolutely zero interest in voting. There are many reasons that people do not vote in a voluntary system other than being apolitical. For example, voting could be a large enough inconvenience for so poorer people so they decide to stay home.9 People also choose not to vote even though they have policy opinions because they believe their vote is just one in a million so it doesnt make a difference and furthermore could just lack the motivation to express vote.10 If all these people were pressured to vote, the elected representatives would better represent the views of the overall population and democracy would be enhanced.Australias voting system is the antithesis of Americas. If you are over 18, it is your legal duty to register to vote and to go the polls. Failure to do this will result in a fine and a potential day in court.11 This form of pressure is meant to increase the association levels in elections and better represent the will of the public. Multiple studies have been done checking if this theory translates to real world policy and they all come to the same codaCompulsory voting can increase the salience of elections and make voting more rational and meaningful and it can enhance and protect such values as representativeness, authenticity and political equality. It also has the potential t o break the counterproductive cycle of low efficacy, alienation, non-participation and state neglect that has led to an increasingly moribund political culture.12The studies found that compulsory voting remedied one of the biggest problems with voluntary voting which is the Socio-economic status voting gap.13 When observing the history of Australias voting population before the compulsory voting law was passed, it was revealed that swindle disproportionally represented those in higher socio-economic status while many people who were in a lower economic status abstained from voting for a several(a) amount of reasons.14 Many people who argue in favour of voluntary voting disagree with the idea that the socio-economic status voting gap should be communicate by compulsory voting because they claim that if peoples lives were already very burdensome so much so that they didnt vote when they had the opportunity because it was so inconvenient, then there shouldnt be a law that inconvenie nces them further by forcing them to vote.15 The problem with this argument is that it misses the fact that peoples lives became less burdensome because of them being represented in their system16, and so compulsory voting was for their own good, and hence the quality of democracy improved.When evaluating whether or not compulsory voting enhances democracy, people whosupport voluntary voting say that solely analyzing statistics is not enough. They claim that a reflection must be done on whether compulsory voting is right wingfield by the fundamental nature of democracy. unitary of the aspects in measuring the legitimacy of democracy is checking if there is A free and independent citizenry17. This means that the public has absolute freedom of speech and a right to protest, demonstrate, and preach with dissent from the government. The argument then comes up that abstention from voting is a form of expression, and therefore any attempt to remove this democratic right would be dictato rial and would actually be diminishing democracy, not enhancing it.18 However, this claim is refuted by the idea of the social weightlift. The social contract is the pillar upon which authority is tending(p) legitimacy in a democratic state. By choosing to live in a democratic system, the collective is obligated to contribute to certain areas of society. As with pay taxes and jury duty, compulsory voting is just another duty that the citizens of a state are obligated to comply with under the social contract. Since the social contract is the strongest case made for accepting authority in a democracy, then having compulsory voting as a citizen duty would not tarnish the quality of a democracy because it would seen as legitimate. In countries like Australia where compulsory voting has become the status-quo, it is not thought of as dictatorial or tyrannical in anyway.19 It has become a culturally accepted norm. However, countries where this idea is viewed as taboo would view this as an attack on freedom. A case study by Lisa Hill on Americas low voter turnout found that the idea of being compelled to vote is anathema to many Americans and it would undoubtedly meet with vigorous apology on a number of fronts.20 Unless there is a cultural shift that would allow the assimilation of these kinds of new ideas, compelling people to vote could possibly weaken the quality of democracy in countries like America because their citizenry would have a difficult time integrating it into their established system. However, there are ways to remedy these rejections of policy. Hill explains that methods that have been approached to improve public acceptance of compulsory voting were to clarify existing requirements, give the people optional preferential voting, and to run the voters option for political expressions. The objections to implementing compulsory voting are rooted in status-quo biases and are under the assumption that it is not possible to change the cultural views of citizens on policies which have not been adapted yet. These objections falls flat due to these policies being implemented into other countries successfully through smart execution plans and therefore it has change magnitude the quality of democracy, not decreased it.Compulsory voting enhances the quality of democracy because it provides a better representation the needs of all the people in society. When analyzing a nation without compulsory voting such as America, it is found that the views of the people are not what is represented by the policies that end up being passed because a large majority of the people who tend to be lower class do not engage in their political system. However, in a country that does have compulsory voting such as Australia, the socio-economic status voting gap is greatly diminished and the policies that end up being passed are more representative of what the people want. Many common objections to compulsory voting are that it is burdensome and it dec reases freedom. These objections do not hold up because in countries where it is implemented, the system ends up benefitting more people and becomes culturally accepted to the point where it does not become an issue. Therefore, compulsory voting does end up producing better results and improves the quality of democracy.BibliographyBeck, Katie. Australia election wherefore is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013.DeSilver, Drew. U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016.Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, pastime Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014) 564-581.Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Sathel, Trevor. Pros and Cons A Debaters Handbook. London Routledge. 1999.Hill, Lisa. Compulsory Voting in Australia A Basis for a vanquish give Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004) 479-497, http//heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals /fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journalsHill, Lisa. Low Voter railroad siding in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2) 207-232, http//journals.sagepub.com/inside/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868Hill, Lisa. Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 464 (2010) 425-438http//www.tandfonline.com/inside/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089Johnson, Angela . 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013.Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, bear on Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 564-581.Sherman, Erik. America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015.1 Trevor Sathel, Pros and Cons A Debaters Handbook (London Routledge, 1999), 75.2 Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, vex Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 570-5 77.3 Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.572-573.4 Drew DeSilver, U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016.5 Erik Sherman, America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015.6 Angela Johnson, 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013.7 Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565.8 Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.566.9 Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565.10 Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565.11 Katie Beck, Australia election Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013.12 Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2) 228. http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095162980606186813 Lisa Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004) 480, http//heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals14 Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 480.15 Sathel, Pros and Cons A Debaters Handbook, 75.16 Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 497.17 Andrew Heywood, Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 86.18 Sathel, Pros and Cons A Debaters Handbook, 75.19 Lisa Hill, Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 464 (2010), 429, http//www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.51808920 Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States, 228.

Misconceptions of African American life Essay -- essays papers

Misconceptions of Afri keister American lifeWhen you control a mans mentation you do not suck to worry about his actions. You do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his proper place and will stay in it. You do not need to send him to the back door. He will go without beingness told. In fact, if there is no back door, he will cut one for his special benefit. His education makes it necessary.This quote, spoken true by a prominent African American scholar of the 20th century, Carson Woodson, is aimed at shedding light on the inherent miseducation of African Americans. His beliefs that controlling ones opinion with such a powerful grasp that allows little or no movement will lead to that individual behaving as he is expected is a very justifiable point. If time and time again, one is told to do true things or believe certain things as right, thus with constant repetition and enforcement, widespread belief and acceptance of this idea or practice will become the norm. A people that is consistently taught or treated a certain way may at some point begin to accept it right. However, in many cases what may be deemed right by some is not necessarily the right thing to do. This theory can not be any more prominent than in the case of African Americans, who have wide endured hundreds of years of discriminatory practices based solely upon their race and origins. Dating back to the days of slavery, these are a people that out of prejudice, out of expectations, out of fear, have often come to view the white mans way as the right way either by choice or by having no other choice. In the process, however, their very own culture, beauty, beliefs, traditions, etc., often get trampled upon or even forgotten as they either struggle to keep up or struggle to stay up. More then not, though, this brainwashing of sorts results in a miseducation of the African-American people that often leads to widespread misunderstandings about them. Thes e misunderstandings can then lead to various forms of stereotypes aimed against African-Americans by whites or other non African Americans picked up along the way due to incomplete knowledge about their history which inherently also hurt those making these false assumptions. Times are changing, however, and with these evolutionary years comes a greater sense of struggle to understand. ... ...African Americans by white Americans moldiness be thoroughly examined from both sides as they are equally deep-rooted among each group. In addition, I personally feel that with more and more of these investigations of the miseducation of the races can lead to a better understanding of each. It is not just the fact of the acknowledging the existence of miseducation that will help people to understand African Americans better and more realistically. It is up to both whites and blacks alike to make conscious efforts to ignore stereotypes and seek only truths in answering questions about the rac es. If the problem of miseducation is not properly intercommunicate equally by all sides, the problem can never be fully understood or solved. Miseducation benefits no one. It harms all involved by cattle farm unsubstantiated opinions for norms or forcing actions based upon fear and ill will. Truth is hidden, and innocent people get hurt or mislead in the process. It is up to directlys younger generations of American citizens to wake up, realize the vast racial miseducation that currently exists, and start treating others with the dignity and respect earned automatically in their being born human beings.