A Midsummer Nights Dream Bottom - 1466 Words

A Midsummer Nights Dream: Nick Bottom In a Mid Summer Nights Dream, the character Nick Bottom is given a rather prominent role in the several scenes he appears in, although he is not a lead character in the play. Bottom is unique from all the other characters of the play not only because of the considerable contribution his character brings to the comedic value of the play, but because he is the only character able to enter fully in to both the human world and the world of the fairies. In this paper I will examine the character of Nick Bottom, and provide some analysis into the motives behind this humorous characters strange ways. The initial aspect one notices about Nick Bottoms personality is his enthusiasm for acting. From the†¦show more content†¦In the first act, the scene in which Bottom is included in follows a long woeful rant by Helena about her misfortune. In this case the mood is shifted instantaneously from sympathy for poor Helena to laughter for Bottom and the other mechanicals at their seemingly futile attempts at organizing themselves enough to begin practicing. The next instance is at the beginning of the third act, when the mechanicals enter the forest to begin rehearsal. This is the scene in which Bottoms transformation occurs, and sets up his entrance into the fairy world. When Bottom awakens from the fairy world in the fourth act, he realizes he has had a unique experience, one that is beyond description. This is in contrast to the previous scene in which the lovers all seem to be unaware of what caused them to act as they did throughout the previous night. The lovers are unaware of the events that transpired the night before, which led to their current situation. The most significant scene that involves Bottom is the scene in which his metamorphosis into the ass occurs, and the affair with Titania, which follows (3.1). The most notable point in this scene is when Bottom leaves the human world and enters in to the fairy world. He is the only character in the play th at has this ability. The biggest surprise is the relative ease with which BottomsShow MoreRelated A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Character of Bottom902 Words   |  4 PagesThe Character of Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream The character of Bottom in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is frequently foolish, but he is not a fool. His exuberance and energy are allied to practicality and resourcefulness, with an alarming lack of self-consciousness. He, at any rate, is not at all tongue-tied before the duke, as Theseus has known others to be. We do laugh at Bottom in many situations, but should note that these are situations in which any man might seem ridiculous:Read MorePuck and Bottom in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesits comical and ironic tone is A Midnight’s Summer Dream. There were characters designed to be humorous and that alone. Puck and Bottom behave very much alike, and have similar roles for different people. Both Puck and Bottom are comic relief characters in one way or the other. Both of them are needed for the play, because Puck’s spirits controls the whole story, which sets the tone for it and Bottoms comic relief for the audience a nd play. Bottom is the first fool or idiot to appear in the play.Read MoreDefining Nick Bottom in a Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesDefining Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Perhaps one of William Shakespeares greatest plays of all time, A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a play intended to be watched, rather than read, with an imaginative mind. It is a play that is in the genre of romantic comedy. The romantic aspects of the play are made possible with the characters of Theseus and Hippolyta, Lysander and Hermia, Helena and Demetrius, and Oberon with Titania. However, the comedy that is involved in this masterpiece is mostlyRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream - Bottom and Puck. Who is the protagonist?1539 Words   |  7 PagesThough Bottom often steals the show in performance, Puck is usually considered the most important character in A Midsummer Night’s dream. Beginning with the importance of the characters and their roles, firstly Puck is the mischievous goblin through-out the play and Bottom is part of the craftsmen who are of lower class then the rest of the characters. These two characters are completely different, coming from separate environments; Puck from the fairy world and Bottom from the working class, howeverRead MoreA Midsummer Night’s Dream: Puck, Bottom, and Dichotomy in Comedy821 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough Shakespeare wrote many well-received plays, A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of the most popular by far, and its engaging love story and comedic tone are undoubtedly the biggest factors contributing to the production’s success. However, while the love square between the four young Athenians is the central plotline of the play, Shakespeare included many humorous elements that alter the story’s course drastically. The misunderstanding between Oberon and Puck over the Athenians accounts forRe ad MoreEssay on Nick Bottom in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream1919 Words   |  8 PagesNick Bottom in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Roget’s thesaurus defines the word â€Å"ass† as â€Å"one deficient in judgment and good sense: a fool†. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the ass is undeniably tied to the character of Nick Bottom on many different levels. As the play is a comedy, Bottom’s central role is to provide laughter. At the same time, however, through his role as the Ass, he acts as a sort of symbolic center-piece that ties all of theRead MoreBottom in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesBottom in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Nights Dream is one of Shakespeares most popular plays. It was written in 1595 so was one of his earlier plays. Nick Bottom is one of the main characters in the play and is easily the funniest and most well loved. By well loved, I mean that he is well liked my other characters in the play and especially by the audience. He figures in many of the scenes in the play and crosses into the differentRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream By William Shakespeare817 Words   |  4 PagesAn Individual can make a Difference A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is the story of a group of workmen preparing a play for the Duke, fairies in the forest and four Athenian lovers. This different groups of characters’ lives become entwined from the magic of the fairies. The characters of Puck, Peter Quince and Helena are characters used in a Midsummer Night’s Dream that show an individual can make a difference. These characters successfully show that an individual can make a differenceRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesA Midsummer NIght’s Dream A â€Å" Midsummer Night’s Dream† is a classical play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of his more eccentric piece of work. The play is about the struggle of love between four essential characters: Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius , and Helena. However, it is not quite that simple. The play is quite confusing. In â€Å"Midsummer Night’s dream† the play take place in two realms fairy realm and human realm, two of the three main settings. Another one of the settings take placeRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Rationality In A Midsummer Nights Dream1058 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not simply a light-hearted comedy; it is a study of the abstract. Shakespeare shows that the divide between the dream world and reality is inconstant and oftentimes indefinable. Meanwhile, he writes about the power of the intangible emotions, jealousy and desire, to send the natural and supernatural worlds into chaos. Love and desire are the driving forces of this play’s plot, leaving the different characters and social classes to sort out the resulting

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1714 Words

The Point of the Joint We can’t live in a society that is both free and drug free. 79 years ago, marijuana became prohibited in the United States (PBS). Today, we find the topic of marijuana’s legality in all forms of media and every level of politics. It is now a never ending topic of public debates. The goal is to answer the question that refuses to die: should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana may not be for you, it may make you paranoid or uncomfortable, and no one should be forced to use it; but, legalizing marijuana in the United States would be beneficial for many reasons. The main purpose of this research study is to educate you on all the debunked myths, the differences and dangers between illicit and legal drugs, and how legalizing marijuana would disintegrate drug related incarceration rates. First, there are a number of myths that gave marijuana users a degraded name. The most controversial topic about marijuana is The Gateway Theory. This theory states that by consuming cannabis, the chances of that individual using harder substances such as heroin and cocaine increases. This is false. A study from NORML showed the relation between marijuana use and other illicit drugs and they do not seem to match up. The study showed how marijuana use increased in the 1960s and 1970s, during that time, heroin use declined. The same study showed the use of cocaine increasing in the early 1980s while marijuana use was declining. The rate of hallucinogens hardly changed at allShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to o btain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Healthy Eating Free Essays

Bab 1: Dunia Melalui Deria Kita B6 D1 E1 Technological devices which are suitable for overcoming the limitations of sight and hearing Microphone Microphone make sound louder and clearer . We often use it when we giving informations at busy and noisy place Hearing Aids Hearing aids can be defined as any devices that amplify the acoustic signal to a degree that enable individuals with hearing loss to use their remaining hearing in a use ful and efficient manner Stethoscopes Helps doctors to detect lung, stomach and the soft heartbeats of patients . The listener can hear normal and abnormal respiratory, cardiac, pleural, arterial, venous, uterine, fetal, and intestinal sounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Eating or any similar topic only for you Order Now Telescope To see far objects such as stars and planets. Besides that, it consists of two convex lenses ( eyepiece lens) Binoculars Provide stereoscopic vision of distant objects for seeing tiny object . A pair of identical telescope mounted side by beside in the same direction allowing the viewer to use both eyes when viewing distant objects. Ultrasound scanning device To scan and see the fetus a pregnant mother . Shaped like microphone is pressed against the area being scanned . It also send out very high frequency sound waves into the area being scanned. Technological Devices To Overcome Limitations Of Sight Microscope Instrument to magnify objects such as virus and cell . To see object that are too small to the naked eyes Magnify glass To magnify tiny objects appear larger than the original shaped. The convex lens use to produce magnified image of an object . It also called a hand lens in lab context . The limited magnifying power -10 to 15 tim X-rays X-rays can also be used to detect the condition of certain organs or detect of bones. In medical X-rays . The X-rays penetrate the internal soft body tissues and form images on a film which can be examined by a radiologist Limitation of Sight Hearing Introduction Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices, our sight and hearing was limited. Limitations of sight can be overcome by using appropriate optical devices such as microscope, telescope . The range of frequency of hearing is 20Hz and 20000Hz. Hearing loss can occur at any age, but most often affects individuals that are between the ages of sixty –five . Following have been identified as causes for hearing loss, a built up of ear wax, hereditary and degenerations . Doctors have been able to attribute some forms of hearing loss to inner ear nerve damage that can be caused by overexposure to loud environments. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using appropriate hearing aids such as stethoscope ,megaphone, microphone ,earphone, headphone and others . All of these devices help us to make our life easier. How to cite Healthy Eating, Papers Healthy Eating Free Essays Having a healthy balanced diet affects every aspect of your health and appearance. Noticeable signs of an unhealthy diet are dull, weak hair; poor gum and teeth health, and weight gain. An unwholesome diet can also cause chronic illnesses such as diabetes, high cholesterol, and heart disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Eating or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being conscious of what you eat through out the day will provide you with the energy and nutrients required to survive and stay healthy. You should eat a variety of foods from every food group to get the essential vitamins and minerals for optimal health. The major food groups are grains, which includes breads and pasta; meat and legumes, such as fish, nuts, and beans; fruits and vegetables including green leafy vegetables and sweet potatoes; dairy products, such as milk and yogurt; and healthy fats and oils. The goal here is to focus not on dieting, but on a healthy approach to eating. If you keep up with your conscious healthy eating habits, as time goes on you will also start to see a change in your weight. Even just losing as little as five percent of body weight can improve your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. Eat what you love, and love what you eat. Learn how to get in touch with your hunger. No one eats perfectly all the time, but when you start to pay attention to the taste of food, you can be satisfied with out going overboard. You can eat everything you want still but do it in a moderation. You can choose to have one or the other. For example, if you want to have dessert then don’t have a glass of wine. If you happen to be craving french fries from McDonalds go for it! Skip the hamburger and the McFlurry. You don’t need to deprive yourself with the food that you love. DeLuca 2 Many people hear the word diet and may get discouraged and think they cant do it because they don’t like healthy foods and it just doesn’t work for them. Really to have a good diet is to just balance out your calories so you can just indulge in one or the other, while still keeping you sane with your cravings. Healthy eating is not a diet. It means making changes you can live with and enjoy for the rest of your life. Diets are temporary because you give up so much when you diet. After you stop dieting you may also over treat yourself to make up for what you have missed. Eating a healthy, balanced variety of foods is far more satisfying. Other than balance and moderation a change to healthier eating also helps you learn about variety. Be adventurous and try different foods. For example, don’t reach for an apple every time you choose a fruit. Eating a variety of foods each day will help you get the nutrients you need. Another big problem that many folks seem to struggle with is to have a big full breakfast in the morning. Maybe your tired or busy, it can even be that you might just not have enough time for that. What many people may not know though is that eating fully in the morning will give you energy for the day and by bed time you will have it worked out. After taking pleasure in your tremendous breakfast, after a couple hours its only normal to start to feel hungry again so you will go and look for something to snack on. Snacking is not bad, its actually quite good! You can enjoy your favorite clean eats with out guilt all day. Just space them out. If you love high calories foods such as nuts, dairy, peanut butter, etc. you can eat it all! Spacing out meals keeps your metabolism high which means you will continuously burn calories, keep your blood sugar levels stable, and your stomach and mind satisfied. DeLuca 3 Having a busy week schedule may also be another reason as to why some people don’t get the healthy nutrients that they need, because you just don’t have enough time to eat. Well if your constantly on the go then you need to get your energy somehow. You can prepare healthy meals the night before hand and keep them in containers that you can take on the go with you the next day. You can also pack nuts and fruit to bring to the office so you can snack, because remember its a good thing to do. After a long hard work week, or an exhausting week with school or your children its only normal to throw a few back! When going out for cocktails you should always keep in mind the calorie benefits with your alcoholic beverages. As you should know some beverages are better than others calorie wise. You can pick a red wine over a sugar infested margarita and you can also swap the dark liquored drinks for the light. Just a few small changes like this can go a long way. We all need a little discipline in our lives. So all in all remember that conscious healthy eating is not dieting. The small moderation changes, the variety, and the balance of healthy eating will give you a longer healthier life with out making huge drastic changes that puts a burden on your normal everyday life. If you start these small changes today, you are going to be happier with yourself and how you feel in the long run. How to cite Healthy Eating, Papers

Permanent Water Hardness of Water Sources from Pshs-Irc by Indirect Titration free essay sample

Titration Researchers Anna Marie S. Cabatbat Crystal Jill R. Mangsat Jan Michael Maturan Charlene Lou A. Nicer Arian Paul D. Norcio Submitted to the Faculty of the Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science and Technology Research 2 March 2013 ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the permanent water hardness in terms of calcium carbonate concentration of water samples from the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen of PSHS-IRC together with the commercial drinking water Nature Spring, Absolute, and Wilkins through indirect titration. Water hardness was identified by the amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in ppm. The control group consisting of the branded commercialized drinking water had a concentration less than 43 ppm of CaCO3 and was considered as soft based on table of water hardness classification. The water samples collected from the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen have CaCO3 concentrations greater than 43 ppm and were classified as slightly hard. The water sample from the Boys’ dormitory had the highest concentration of 87. 420 ppm and the water sample from Gymnasium had the lowest concentration of 52. 712 ppm. Based from the results, the samples from the different sources contained significant amount of CaCO3 which may cause further problems in pipe clogging, health, laundry, and utility from these sources. APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled â€Å"Permanent Water Hardness of Water Sources from PSHS-IRC by Indirect Titration,† prepared by Anna Marie S. Cabatbat, Crystal Jill R. Mangsat, Jan Michael Maturan, Charlene Lou A. Nicer, and Arian Paul D. Norcio, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Science Technology Research 2, has been examined on March __, 2013 and passed by the Oral Examination Committee composed of: ANNELLENE H. MADRID STR 2 TEACHER SHARON L. PALOMARES STR 2 TEACHER ROMULO R. MACADANGDANG, JR STR 2 TEACHER Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement in Science Technology Research 2. RONNALEE N. ORTEZA, Ph. D. CISD Chief Date: LARRY L. CABATIC, Ph. D. Campus Director Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research wouldn’t have been possible without the continual guidance and help of the following people, and so the researchers would like to express their deepest appreciation to: The Philippine Science High School Sysytem for letting the researchers experiences the grant to scholarship and the privilege to experience Pisay life; Their research teachers, Mr. Romulo R. Macadangdang, Jr, for his interest and wisdom on the subject of Chemistry which is a vital component of this study; Mrs. Sharon L. Palomares, for her justified critiques, assessments, and recommendations for improvement; and Ms. Annellene H. Madrid, for her unending support as a research adviser; Ms. Mary Ann R. Lagua, Chemistry II teacher, who introduced to the researchers the method of indirect titration and the formulas needed for the computations and quantitative analysis; Mr. Gwynne Micah S. Ritua, a student from IV-Photon, for his assistance on the required formulas and continuous support on the study and the researchers; Their family, friends, and batch mates for the support given and the motivation that they imparted to the researchers for the completion of the study; And, above all, to the Lord Jesus Christ for his generosity, love and never-ending help, especially on this research. Anna, Arian, Charlene, Crystal, Jan Michael LIST OF FIGURES No| Description| Page| 1| Process Flowchart| | 2| Summary of Water Hardness| | LIST OF TABLES No| Description| Page| | Hardness scale classification| | 2| Hardness classification of different water sources| | 3| Summary of raw data| | LIST OF PLATES No| Description| Page| 1| Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC| | 2| Preparation of Na2CO3 solution| | 3| Boiling of water samples| | 4| Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration| | 5| Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water| | 6| Application of methyl orange| | 7| Indirect titration of water samples| | 8| End point of the indirect titrations| | TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Sheet1 Acknowledgement1 Table of Contents1 List of Figures1 List of Tables1 List of Plates1 Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the study1 Statement of the Problem2 Significance of the Study2 Scope and Limitations3 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature4 Definition of Terms5 Water Hardness6 Hard Water7 Permanent Hardness8 Calcium Carbonate9 Advantages of Hard Water9 Disadvantages of Hard Water 11 Procedure13 Water Hardness Scale13 Chapter III Methodology14 Process Flow Chart14 Chapter IV- Results and Discussions16 Chapter V – Conclusions and Recommendations19 References1 Appendices1 Curriculum Vitae 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The industrial business, not just in the Philippines, but also in the whole world, requires a large amount of capital to be able for maintenance and provision. However, at some times in this business, the sum of money that is needed for repairs becomes insufficient because of some factors that affect the equipment, the machineries, and the system as a whole. One of which is water hardness. Water hardness was initially defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. The determination of the hardness of water is a beneficial assessment that measures the quality of water for different usage. Hard water is not bad for the health of an individual, since drinking hard water just adds a minimal amount of calcium and magnesium toward the total human dietary needs. However, the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) says that taking extremely hard water may have a large effect on our calcium and magnesium diet. Once heat is applied to hard water, CaCO3 precipitates out, causing clogs in water pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage of the machine or water pipes which maybe expensive to remove or even repair. Permanent hardness is expected from the manifestation of the Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and SO4- ions. Unlike temporary hardness, this type of hardness cannot be simply removed through boiling. Usually, this type of hardness is usually determined through titration for the metal ions to be detected. This study aims to determine the water hardness of the samples acquired from different sources in Philippine Science High School- Ilocos Region Campus, as well as three other commercialized drinking water, through indirect titration. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the permanent water hardness of different water samples from different sources in Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus. It sought to: 1. Measure the different calcium carbonate concentration of the different samples in terms of ppm 2. Classify the water samples according to their hardness Significance of the Study The data gathered in this study would be essential to people who want to determine if the water sources in PSHS-IRC are safe for drinking, washing, bathing, and other purposes. Another aim of this study is to compare the different hardness of water from the different sources in school to the hardness of some commercial water samples and see how the water hardness affects the quality of the commercial drinking water. Lastly, this study may serve as a guide and reference for future researches. Scopes and Limitations This research is limited to the determination of the level of calcium carbonate concentrations from different sources. The consequences and influences of the samples’ water hardness beyond those are not included in the system of the study. Also, with exception to the commercial water samples used, this research is only restricted to PSHS-IRC’s water supply to the different sources and buildings. Thus, the effects of the water hardness in this study are limited only to the possible effects on the infrastructures of the said school. The study was done on the month of January and February, year 2013. The study was conducted at the science laboratory of PSHS-IRC. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Definition of Terms Water Sources the different water sources includes the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen of the PSHS-IRC Water Samples these are the water samples used for the indirect titration, and was collected from the five sources in the PSHS-IRC Soft Water water is classified as soft water when the calcium carbonate concentration in it is from 0 to 43 parts per million (ppm) Indirect Titration the process used to determine the hardness of the water samples by using HCl as a titrant and the water samples as analyte Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Fifty mL of HCl was used as a titrant in the indirect titration process to determine the endpoint of the titration Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Fifty mL of Na2CO3 was added to the water samples to separate th e CaCO3 from the water samples Methyl Orange three drops of methyl orange was added to the water samples to indicate that all of the CaCO3 was already titrated by the titrant, indicated by the change of color. Water Hardness Water hardness is important to fish culture and is a commonly reported aspect of water quality. It is a measure of the quantity of divalent ions (for this discussion, salts with two positive charges) such as calcium, magnesium and/or iron in water. There are many different divalent salts; however, calcium and magnesium are the most common sources of water hardness. Hardness is traditionally measured by chemical titration. The hardness of a water sample is reported in milligrams per liter (same as parts per million, ppm) as calcium carbonate (mg/l CaCO3). Calcium carbonate hardness is a general term that indicates the total quantity of divalent salts present and does not specifically identify whether calcium, magnesium and/or some other divalent salt is causing water hardness. Hardness can be a mixture of divalent salts. In theory, it is possible to have water with high hardness that contains no calcium. Calcium is the most important divalent salt in fish culture water. An acceptable range for free calcium in culture waters is 25-100 mg/l (63-250 mg/l CaCO3 hardness). Channel catfish can tolerate low calcium concentrations as long as their feed contains a minimum level of mineral calcium. However, they may grow more slowly under these conditions. If striped bass, trout, salmon or red drum culture is being considered, free calcium concentrations in the 40-100 mg/l range (100-250  Ã‚   mg/l  Ã‚   as  Ã‚   CaCO3  Ã‚   hardness)  are  more desirable. Tests specific for calcium should be performed on samples of the water source being considered for these fishes. (http://www. ca. uky. edu February 16, 2013) Hard Water Water described as â€Å"hard† is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water is not a health risk, but a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap and/or detergent performance. Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Pure water — tasteless, colorless, and odorless — is often called the universal solvent. When water is combined with carbon dioxide to form very weak carbonic acid, an even better solvent results. As water moves through soil and rock, it dissolves very small amounts of minerals and holds them in solution. Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water â€Å"hard. The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases. (http://www. hardwater. org/ February 16, 2013) Hard water can be softened (have its minerals removed) by treating it with lime or by passing it over an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resins are complex sodium salts. Water flows over the resin surface, dissolving the sodium. The calcium, magne sium, and other cations precipitate onto the resin surface. Sodium goes into the water, but the other cations stay with the resin. Very hard water will end up tasting saltier than water that had fewer dissolved minerals. http://chemistry. about. com February 18, 2013) Permanent Hardness The hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts other than hydrogen carbonates is not affected by heating and is therefore called permanent hardness. (http://www. rsc. org February 18, 2013) Permanent hardness in water is hardness due to the presence of the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which will not be precipitated by boiling. The lime scale can build up on the inside of the pipe restricting the flow of water or causing a blockage. This can happen in industry where hot water is used. http://glossary. periodni. com February 18, 2013) Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important chemical compound made up of one atom of calcium bonded to one atom of carb on and three atoms of oxygen. Common names for this compound include limestone, calcite, aragonite, chalk, and marble, and while all contain the same substance, each has different processes underlying its formation. Calcium carbonate is used in cements and mortars, producing lime, in the steel industry, glass industry, and as an ornamental stone. This compound usually looks like a white powder or stone. It will fizz and release carbon dioxide upon contact with a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. After the carbon dioxide is released, the remainder is calcium oxide (CaO), commonly called quicklime. When calcium carbonate comes into contact with water saturated with carbon dioxide, it forms a soluble compound, calcium bicarbonate. Underground, this often leads to the formation of caves. The reaction is as follows: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium carbonate becomes marble when highly compressed and heated deep underneath the Earth’s surface. In caves, when dissolved by the above chemical mechanism, it creates magnificent speleothems: cave formations such as stalagmites, stalagmites, curtains, and dozens of others. (http://www. wisegeek. com February 18, 2013) Advantages of Hard Water The advantages of hard water are: most people agree that it tastes better; it is thought to reduce the number of heart illnesses; it provides useful calcium ions for the healthy growth of bones and teeth; the formation of lime scale in pipes causes the inside of the pipe to be covered with insoluble carbonates. This layer of carbonate prevents the water in the pipe from coming into contact with the metal of the pipe and so prevents pipe corrosion and prevents poisonous metal salts becoming dissolved in the water. (http://www. gcsescience. com February 18, 2013) The World Health Organization (WHO) says, there is no evidence that water hardness cause effects in humans. Some studies have shown a weak inverse relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease in men, up to a level of 170 mg calcium carbonate per liter of water. Other studies have shown weak correlations between cardiovascular health and water hardness. The World Health Organization has reviewed the evidence and concluded the data were inadequate to allow for a recommendation for a level of hardness. Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences) states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount toward total calcium and magnesium human dietary needs. They further state that in some instances, where dissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. (http://ezinearticles. om February 18, 2013) Disadvantages of Hard Water The disadvantages  of hard water are: lime scale furring of kettles and pipes; fur is the insoluble carbonate formed during heating water with temporary hardness; deposits of lime scale can build up on the inside of the pipe restricting the flow of water or causing a blockage; soap is wasted because more soap is required for washing. Soap in hard water forms a scum from r eacting with the calcium or magnesium compounds in the water. Other detergents which do not contain soap do not form wasteful scum during washing. (http://www. csescience. com February 18, 2013) Procedure Fifty ml of the water sample is taken in a conical flask. To this solution 50 ml of N/50 sodium carbonate solution is added and the solution is boiled to about 15 mins. Then the solution is cooled and filtered. The precipitate on the filter paper is washed with distilled water and all the washings are collected in the conical flask. Then the solution is titrated against N/50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator. The end point is change of yellow to pale pink. (http://www. indiastudychannel. com February24, 2013) Water Hardness Scale Calcium carbonate (ppm)| Classification| 0-43| Soft| 43-150| Slightly Hard| 150-300| Moderately Hard| 300-450| Hard| 450| Very Hard| The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements: grains per gallon, milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm). The table below is provided as a reference. (http://www. fairfaxwater. org February 24, 2013) Table 1. Hardness scale classification CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Process Flowchart Indirect Titration of Samples Collection of Water Samples from different sites Isolation of CaCO3 Data Gathering Data Analysis Indirect Titration of Samples Collection of Water Samples from different sites Isolation of CaCO3 Data Gathering Data Analysis Figure 1. Summary of procedure Collection of water samples Water samples of 50 ml each were collection at the Girls’ dormitory, Boys’ dormitory, Gymnasium, canteen, and Administration building of PSHS-IRC. The samples were placed in glass bottles and were labeled. For the control group which consists of commercialized drinking water, a 350 ml bottle each of Wilkins, Absolute, and Nature Spring were bought from retail stores of San Ildefonso Isolation of CaCO3 Each water sample was added with 50 ml of 0. 02 Normality of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and the solution was stirred and boiled for about 15 minutes to isolate CaCO3 precipitates. Afterwards, the solution was cooled and filtered. CaCO3 precipitates on the filter paper were rinsed with 50 ml distilled water. The washings of the precipitates were collected and placed in a conical flask. Indirect Titration of the Prepared Solution The prepared solution was titrated against 0. 02 Normality of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) for three trials. The indicator used was methyl orange. The end point was observed when a color change from yellow to pale pink color occurred. This indicates that all of the moles of CaCO3 has been titrated by the titrant HCl. Data Gathering The volume of titrant used in the three trials are noted and tabulated. Data Analysis The concentration of CaCO3 is computed using the following formula: Molars of HCl*Volume of HCl used = moles of HCl Moles of HCl * 1 mole of CaCO32 moles of HCl *100. 1g of HCl= grams of CaCO3/ 50 ml grams of CaCO3/ 50 ml * 20 = grams of CaCO3/ L grams of CaCO3/ L* 103 = CaCO3 concentration in ppm The CaCO3 concentrations were referred to the Permanent Hardness Scale to determine the classification of each sample. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The used volumes of titrant in different trials were averaged and the CaCO3 concentrations were computed using the formula mentioned in the data analysis. The different water samples were then compared in the following figure: CaCO3 concentration of water samples in ppm CaCO3 concentration of water samples in ppm Sources of water samples in PSHS-IRC Sources of water samples in PSHS-IRC Figure 2: Summary of Water Hardness Figure 2: Summary of Water Hardness This figure showed the comparison on the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration of water samples in ppm. The Boys’ dormitory has the highest calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration among the water samples collected. Water in the Boys’ dormitory is not advisable for drinking; also pipes supplying water inside the Boys’ dormitory have calcium deposits formed inside them. Same with the Canteen who has the second most concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Water samples from the Administration Building, Gymnasium and Girls’ dormitory have lower concentration relative to the Boys’ dormitory and Canteen. The control group had the lowest calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration that is why they are safe to drink compared to the water samples inside Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus. Hardness Classification Table 2. Hardness classification of the different water sources | Average volume of HCl used| CaCO3 Concentration (ppm)| Water hardness Classification| Boys’ dormitory| 4. 366| 87. 42| Slightly hard| Administration Bldg| 2. 667| 53. 393| Slightly hard| Gymnasium| 2. 633| 52. 712| Slightly hard| Girls’ dormitory| 3. 067| 61. 01| Slightly hard| Canteen| 3. 800| 76. 076| Slightly hard| Absolute| 2. 133| 42. 709| Soft| Wilkins| 1. 633| 32. 699| Soft| Nature Spring| 1. 500| 30. 030| Soft| The water samples from Philippine Science High School reached classification slightly hard. The control group obtained soft as classification. The Calcium Carbonate concentrations of samples from Boys’ dormitory and Canteen were ranked the highest among the samples but still are classified as slightly hard along with samples from Girls’ dormitory, Gymnasium, and Administration Building. Their classification shows that they are not suited for any consumption purposes unlike with the control group that reached the range of the classification soft. The concentration of Calcium Carbonate concentration in the water samples from Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus were too high. With these results, it is right to justify that water sources of the campus are not advisable for drinking or any form of usage related to food. Also, the samples already known to be available for drinking purposes showed that there is a large significant difference from the other samples and their water hardness. Due to the classification of the samples from the said school, it is to be concluded that there might be some disadvantages for those who uses the said samples for a lot of purposes. Drinking water is safe to drink because of low Calcium Carbonate concentrations and water from other sources can be assumed to be contaminated or just have high concentrations of Calcium Carbonate. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The water sample collected from the Boys’ Dormitory yielded the highest concentration of calcium carbonate in terms of ppm with 87. 42, followed by the Canteen water sample with 76. 076, the Girls’ Dorm sample with 61. 01, the Administration Building water sample with 53. 393, and the COOP water sample gave the lowest concentration with 52. 712. But all samples are in the same hardness classification, which is slightly hard. The results of the three brands of commercial water showed significant difference from the samples from the school, with Absolute, W ilkins, and Nature Spring yielding 42. 709, 32. 699, and 30. 030, respectively. All of the three samples of commercialized water are classified as soft. With these results, it is right to justify that drinking water is safe because of its low calcium carbonate concentrations. Hence, the water sources of the campus are not advisable for drinking or in any form of intake because the calcium carbonate concentrations of the samples are high compared to those of the commercialized water. Recommendations The researchers recommend that this study should be extended to the different zones of Ilocos Sur and that other local commercialized water samples should also be tested. Also, the researchers propose that a different method of measuring water hardness should be used, just like complexometric titration, and that the temporary and total hardness should also be determined. References Electronic Sources: Learning, Discovery, Service | in the College of Agriculture. WATER HARDNESS CALCIUM amp;   MAGNESIUM. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from http://www. ca. uky. edu/wkrec/Hardness. htm Paul, M. (2012). Retrieved February 16, 2013, from http://www. hardwater. org Helmenstine, A. (2012). About. com chemistry. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://chemistry. about. com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa082403a. htm Permanent Hardness Retrieved February 18, 2013, http://www. rsc. org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/calgon/3 Permanent Hardness Retrieved February 18, 2013, http://glossary. eriodni. com/glossary. php? en=permanent+hardness+in+water What is Calcium. (2003). Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-calcium-carbonate. htm France, C. (2011). Advantages and disadvantages of hard water. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. gcsescience. com/f6. htm Henry, P. (2008). ezinearticles. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Surprising-Health-Benefits-of-Hard-Wateramp;id=1120938 France, C. (2011). Advantages and disadvantages of hard water. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. csescience. com/f6. htm Hard water. (2011). Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. hardwater. org/hard_water_problems. html Xavier, L. (2010, June 03). Uc davis chemwiki. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://chemwiki. ucdavis. edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Quantitative_Analysis/Titration Water Analysis Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www. indiastudychannel. com/projects/396-WATER-ANALYSIS. aspx Fairfax water: Water quality bulletin. (2011, January 05). Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www. fcwa. org/water/hardness. htm Appendices Plate 1. Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC Plate 1. Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC Plate 2. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution Plate 2. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution Plate 3. Boiling of water samples Plate 3. Boiling of water samples Plate 4. Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration Plate 4. Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration Plate 5. Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water Plate 5. Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water Plate 6. Application of methyl orange Plate 6. Application of methyl orange Plate 7. Indirect titration of water samples Plate 7. Indirect titration of water samples Plate 8. End point of the indirect titration Plate 8. End point of the indirect titration Table 3. Summary of raw data | Trial 1 (ml)| Trial 2 (ml)| Trial 3 (ml)| Average| ppm| Classification | Boys’ dormitory| 4. 9| 4. 3| 3. 9| 4. 366| 87. 42| Slightly hard| Administration building| 2. 5| 2. 5| 3. 0| 2. 667| 53. 393| Slightly hard| Gymnasium| 2. 5| 2. 3| 3. 1| 2. 633| 52. 712| Slightly hard| Girls’ dormitory| 2. 7| 3. 3| 3. 2| 3. 067| 61. 401| Slightly hard| Canteen| 3. | 4. 5| 3. 7| 3. 800| 76. 076| Slightly hard| Absolute| 2. 2| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 133| 42. 709| Soft| Wilkins| 1. 5| 1. 6| 1. 8| 1. 633| 32. 699| Soft| Nature Spring| 1. 8| 1. 3| 1. 4| 1. 500| 30. 030| Soft| Curriculum Vitae Name: Anna Marie S. Cabatbat Nickname: Anna Birthday: September 01, 1997 Address: Primary Schooling: Name of Parents: Achievements in High School: Principle in Life: Ambition: Message to the Future Researche rs: Name: Crystal Jill R. Mangsat Nickname: CJ Birthday: August 22, 1996 Address: #628 Galaban Street, Manaoag, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Mother Goose Special School Sysytem, Incorporated Name of Parents: Hilberto E. Mangsat Nena R. Mangsat Achievements in High School: Principle in Life: â€Å"The best way to live your life is to live it as a kid. † Ambition: To become happy as an engineer and to help my family Message to the Future Researchers: Galingan niyo! Name: Jan Michael Maturan Nickname: JM Birthday: January 20,1997 Address: 111 San Blas. Villasis. Pangasinan Primary Schooling:Villasis I Central School Name of Parents: Raquel Maturan Rolan Ridoloso Achievements in High School: Passed UPCAT and ACET Principle in Life: â€Å"If you need nothing you may not work for anything† Ambition: Become an Astronaut Message to the Future Researchers: Even you encounter troubles in your research, even though you think the time is not enough, Please do not give up on what you do unless you want to fail. Anything can be accomplished by first believing it was possible but still be flexible because you cannot always get what you want. Name: Charlene Lou A. Nicer Nickname: Char Birthday: June 04, 1996 Address: 2415 Sunrise Subdivision Arellano Bani, Dagupan City, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Dominican School Dagupan City Name of Parents: Lourdes A. Nicer Raul P. Nicer Achievements in High School: Director’s lister First year (2nd and 3th quarter); Best in Arts S. Y. 2010-2011; Passed UPCAT, ACET, DLSUCAT, USTET Principle in Life: â€Å"a life without risks is not a life at all† Ambition: To win a Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Peace; to become a well-known scientist specifically a medical physicist Message to the Future Researchers: The true essence of research can never be found in one’s grades. Research covers an area of infinity, where in everything can be examined and studied. Enjoy your research as much as I did! Name: Arian Paul D. Norcio Nickname: Arian Birthday: July 26, 1996 Address: Nalsian, Manaoag, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Nalsian Elementary School Name of Parents: Florida Norcio Samuel Norcio Achievements in High School: Director’s lister First year (3rd and 4th quarter); Best in English S. Y. 2009-2010; Passed UPCAT Principle in Life: â€Å"No pain, no gain; no pay, no play† Ambition: To be successful geologist . . . Message to the Future Researchers: It is not easy to do a research when you don’t like it. So, learn to enjoy